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醫學二 林珈辰. Depression and Stress. What do we mean “stress”?. 1. the subjective feelings 2. the objective physiological process 3. stressors which cause stress. How do our body cope with stress?. Two mechanisms ： 1. Neurochemical response → neurotransmitter 2. Hormonal response
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醫學二 林珈辰 Depression and Stress
What do we mean “stress”? • 1. the subjective feelings • 2. the objective physiological process • 3. stressors which cause stress
How do our body cope with stress? • Two mechanisms： • 1. Neurochemical response →neurotransmitter • 2.Hormonal response →HPA axis (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) +Norepinephrine +Serotonin - Opioids Hypothalamus CRF Anterior pituitary POMC ACTH Adrenal gland Cortisol β-endorphin Norepinephrine epinephrine
Topic：Stress and Drinking • Outline • 1. Introduction： 1-1 what is stress and how do bodies cope with them 1-2 drinking appears to follow stress • 2.Question and investigation： 2-1 Does drinking really reduce stress or does it actually induce stress? 2-2 from quantity to overdose 2-3 conclusion • 3. discussion and criticism
Drinking appears to follow stress • 1. Experimental studies (rats)
Drinking appears to follow stress • 2. Population surveys (disasters) • (1) Katrina survivors were over three times more likely to exhibit alcohol abuse after a stress experience , Survivors who experienced trauma were five times more likely to become alcohol dependent (2005) • (2) Alcohol consumption increased by 30 percent in 2 years following a flood at Buffalo Creek (1972) • (3) Increased drinking in the towns surrounding Mount St. Helens following the eruption of the volcano (1980)
Drinking seems to be a good way to reduce stress... But, is it true?
? reduce induce • (1) Rats： reduce stress response in rats subjected to strenuous activity in a running wheel • (2) Human：improved performance of a complex mental problem-solving task under stressful conditions low dose of alcohol low dose of alcohol → Other studies show： body’s response to alcohol body’s responses to other stressors similar
From Quantity to Overdose The truths are : • 1. Alcohol stimulates hormone such as cortisol and adrenaline to be released. • 2. Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant→ affects neurotransmitters and messenger chemicals ex : glutamate↑, dopamine↑, GABA↓ • 3. Alcohol hinders vitaminB and Zn absorption ＊Conclusion： Overdose of alcohol does induce stress.
Discussion and criticism • 1. From the experiment of rats and the population surveys which show that drinking follow stress： • (a) many kinds of stressors • (b) population surveys are • (1)subject self-report • (2)all be done in America • (3) lack of the accurate number of people Shock ←→ Stress Objectivity? Turn to sth else instead of alcohol? Accuracy?
Discussion and criticism • 2. From the studies of rats and human which show that low dose of alcohol reduce stress： • (a) the definition of “ low dose” is not clear • “ low ” → rats? human? • “ low ” → different from person to person? • (b) what about sb who doesn’ t like to drink?
Discussion and criticism • 3. From quantity to overdose： • (a) besides the properties of alcohol and the good feeling it brings, is there any more reason? • Genetics • Age and gender • Family history • Psychological factors • Cultural and social factors • (b) the same as “ gambling”?!
