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Overview of Nervous System Anatomy and Function

The Nervous System consists of neurons for communication and glial cells for support. Neurons receive and process information, with sensory neurons detecting changes, interneurons calculating responses, and motor neurons executing actions. Glial cells play a key role in myelination and supporting nerve cells. The spinal cord contains gray and white matter, with spinal nerves arranged into plexuses. Spinal reflexes and pathways are important for motor control. Understanding the anatomy and function of the Nervous System is crucial for comprehending conditions such as Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS).

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Overview of Nervous System Anatomy and Function

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  1. There are 2 types of cells in the Nervous System: 1) Neurons Communication cell 2) Glial cells Support cell Ganglia Which cells are most abundant? How many different Glial cells are there?

  2. Incoming Info. Processing Info. Processes information Typical Motor Neuron Receives incoming info Outgoming Info. Releases the signal

  3. CNS PNS The Feedback Loop (Arc) Sensory Pathway Receptors (detect changes) 1. Sensory Neuron Interneuron (Integration) (calculate what to do) 2. Interneuron 3. Motor Neuron Motor Pathway Effector Tissues (respond to changes)

  4. The Motor/Multipolar Neuron Telodendria Histology of a Neuron

  5. Important Anatomical Neurons Anaxonic Bipolar Unipolar Multipolar

  6. The 3 major types of Communications Junctions coming from Neurons

  7. Axon Myelination

  8. The Glial Cells Glial Cells

  9. Nervous System Terminology Gray Matter – mostly nerve cell bodies. White Matter – mostly myelinated axons. Nerve fiber – a single axon of a neuron. Nerve – a bundle of axons in the PNS. Tract – a bundle of axons in the CNS. Columns – are groups of tracts. Ganglion – a cluster of nerve cell bodies in PNS. Nucleus – gray matter in CNS with discrete boundaries and common function.

  10. Anatomy of a Nerve Neurolemma Axolemma

  11. Histology of Nerves

  12. What Nerves look like on models

  13. What Nerves look like on cadavers

  14. In the Spinal cord: White matter = columns Gray matter = horns There are 31 pairs of Spinal Nerves 8 Cervical (C1-C8) 12 Thoracic (T1-T12) 5 Lumbar (L1-L5) 5 Sacral (S1-S5) 1 Coccygeal (Co1)

  15. Anatomical Features of the Spinal Cord Typically ~18 inches in length Deep anterior median fissure Shallow posterior median sulcus Conus medullaris (= end of cord) Cervical and lumbar enlargements

  16. • Filum Terminale extends to sacral vertebrae, joins coccygeal ligament, for length-wise stabilization. • Cauda Equina - extension of ventral and dorsal roots (horses tail!). • Denticulate Ligament (extension of dura to pia mater) for lateral (side to side) stabilization.

  17. Spinal Plexus: (in the Nervous System) is a re-arrangement of spinal nerves into functional groups. Cervical (C1-C5) Brachial (C5-T1) Lumbar (T12-L4) Sacral (L4-S4)

  18. Cervical (C1-C5) e.g. Phrenic n. (C3-C5) Brachial (C5-T1) e.g. Radial n. (C5-8-T1) e.g. Ulnar n. (C8-T1) e.g. Musculocutaneous n. (C5-C7) e.g. Median n. (C5-8-T1)

  19. Lumbar (T12-L4) e.g. Femoral n. (L2-L4) e.g. Obturator n. (L2-L4) Sacral (L4-S4) e.g. Sciatic n. (L4-S3) e.g. Tibial n. (L4-S3)

  20. Spinal Meninges - Dura Mater Dense irregular CT + Simple squamous epithelium - Arachnoid Simple squamous epithelium - Pia Mater Collagen and elastic fibers

  21. Lumbar Puncture For taking a sample of CSF from the subarachnoid space In the spinal meninges. Done in the Lumbar region. Why? Where (at what vertebrae level) should the needle be inserted in order to avoid any chance of hitting the spinal cord? Note: The conus medularis is located between L1and L2. Epidural Block For placement of anesthetics into the epidural space of spinal meninges to block pain during child-birth.

  22. Cross Section of Spinal Cord Histology Central Canal filled with CSF lined with ependymal cells Now draw the x.s. of spinal cord!

  23. Spinal Cord Anatomy (x.s.)

  24. The Spinal Cord Nuclei

  25. The Spinal Cord Nuclei Posterior gray horns: Somatic and Visceral Sensory nuclei. Anterior gray horns: Somatic Motor control. Lateral gray horns: Visceral Motor neurons. Gray commissures Axons of interneurons crossing and unmyelinated axons.

  26. The Spinal Cord Nuclei

  27. Spinal Pathways Spinal Reflexes Draw a monosynaptic spinal reflex

  28. Lou Gehrig Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

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