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Psychology, Unit One

This overview explores the fundamental objectives of psychological research, detailing the five basic research methods—naturalistic observation, case studies, surveys, correlational research, and experimental research. It emphasizes the importance of ethics in human research, as guided by the American Psychological Association (APA). Ethical considerations include informed consent and the necessity of transparency regarding risk to participants. By understanding these methods and ethics, we can better appreciate how psychology bridges scientific inquiry and philosophical exploration.

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Psychology, Unit One

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  1. Psychology, Unit One Psychological Research

  2. Objectives • List, describe and apply the 5 basic methods of research • Understand importance of ethics in human research

  3. Psychology • A “soft science” • 2 foundations of psych • Involves science- scientific method, research, and hard facts • Also involves philosophy- seeks to explain that which cannot be proven

  4. 5 Basic Methods of Research • Naturalistic Observation • Case Studies • Surveys • Correlational Research • Experimental Research

  5. Naturalistic Observation • Method- behavior is observed in its natural environment, usually secretly • Pros- firsthand info, behavior is natural and uninfluenced • Cons- if observed is known to be observing, behavior may be altered; observer’s record of behavior may be biased

  6. Case Studies • Method- behavior of one person is studied in depth • Pros- great deal of detailed descriptive information • Cons- case(s) studied may not be representative of the whole; observer bias may be a problem, time-consuming and expensive

  7. Surveys • Method- a large # of people are asked a standardized set of ?s • Pros- a huge amt of data can be collected quickly and inexpensively • Cons- sampling bias, poor ?s=poor answers, accuracy depends on accuracy of participants

  8. Correlational Research • Method- uses stats to examine the relationship between 2+ variables • Pros- clarifies relationship that couldn’t be determined in other methods; allows prediction of behavior • Cons- shows relationship, but doesn’t show cause and effect

  9. Experimental Research • Method- 1+ variable is manipulated and the effect of that manipulation on other variables is studied • Pros- shows cause and effect relationships between variables • Cons- lab setting changes behavior; unexpected variables may skew results; dealing w/ multiple variables is difficult

  10. Ethics • In humans: the APA (American Psychological Association) says: • Subject must be clearly informed of nature of research • Informed consent must be documented • Subject cannot be deceived regarding risk • Deception about goals of research can only be used when integrity of research is at risk.

  11. Exit Ticket • Which research method will show relationship between variables, but not cause and effect? • Which research method, if observer is unseen, may result in most natural behavior? • Which ethical rule do you find most important? Why?

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