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Goal 6. Imperialism. The US Expands. Factors that Led to the Spanish-American War. Markets & Raw Materials American needed new markets for its goods. America needed materials from abroad. (American frontier was closed.). Sea Power
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Goal 6 Imperialism
Factors that Led to the Spanish-American War • Markets & Raw Materials • American needed new markets for its goods. • America needed materials from abroad. (American frontier was closed.) • Sea Power • Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan urged the U.S. to acquire a modern fleet, naval bases in the Caribbean, a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, and Pacific Islands including Hawaii. • Congress build up the American navy. • Anglo-Saxon “Superiority” • The belief that the Anglo-Saxon race was superior fueled imperialism. • Europeans (Anglo-Saxons) were dividing Africa into colonies. • Americans felt that they should not fall behind in the race for colonies.
Spanish-American War • The US had been interested in Cuba since the early 1800s. • Cuba fought two wars-in 1868 and again in 1895-for independence from Spain. • The war of 1895 was led by Jose Marti, a journalist who had lived in exile in New York City. • The Spanish were led by General Valeriano Weyler, who relocated many Cuban people to concentration camps. • Newspaper publishers William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer played up the conflict to boost the circulation of their newspapers. Both papers emphasized Spanish “atrocities”, calling Weyler “the Butcher.” (Yellow journalism)
Effects of the Spanish American War • By 1898, the U.S. had the third largest navy in the world – behind only Great Britain and France. • The U.S. obtained naval bases in the Caribbean after the Spanish-American War.
US Possessions • Alaska • Philippines • Virgin Islands
US Protectorates • Cuba • Panama • Nicaragua • Dominican Republic • Hawaiian Islands
Questions to Consider • Why would a nation founded on democratic principles want to take possession of another country or territory? Get new markets, new sources of raw materials, spread democracy • How might a nation acquire new territory? War, peaceful takeover, treaties, economic pressure
Teddy Roosevelt and Imperialism Digging the big ditch!
Several Needs Support Imperialism • Anglo-Saxon Superiority • Need for markets and raw materials • Desire for sea power
Alfred Thayer Mahan • The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 • Need a navy to defend shipping lanes • Need strategically located bases where fleets could refuel • US should acquire: modern fleet, naval bases in Caribbean Sea, a canal across Panama, Hawaii and other islands in the Pacific
The Situation in Cuba • Americans disagree on what to do in Cuba. • A second war for independence broke out in Cuba in 1895, led by Jose Marti. Public opinion was split.
Thoughts of Jose Marti • Liberty is the right of every man to be honest, to think and to speak without hypocrisy. • One just principle from the depths of a cave is more powerful than an army. • Like stones rolling down hills, fair ideas reach their objectives despite all obstacles and barriers. It may be possible to speed or hinder them, but impossible to stop them. • We are free, but not to be evil, not to be indifferent yo human suffering. Man is not free to watch impassively the enslavement and dishonor of men, or their struggles for liberty and honor.
Causes of the Spanish American War • The Cuban condition (concentration camps) • Yellow journalism • De Lome Letter (Besides the natural and inevitable coarseness with which he repeats all that the press and public opinion of Spain has said of Weyler, it shows once more what McKinley is: weak and catering to the rabble, and, besides, a low politician, who desires to leave a door open to me and to stand well with the jingoes of his party.)) • U.S.S. Maine
Cuban Condition, Yellow Journalism, General De Lome, Explosion of the Maine
The US Invades Cuba • Navy was ill-prepared • Not enough guns • Most officers were Civil War veterans. • San Juan Hill: Theodore Roosevelt's’ Rough Riders and 2 African American Regiments charged up the hill; Dec.10, the U.S. and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris, 1898.
Treaty of Paris, 1898 • Cuba was to become independent. • US would take over Puerto Rico and Guam. • US took over Spain’s role as the ruler of the Philippines. • US promised to pay Spain $20 million.
Cuba After the War • Cuba becomes a protectorate: a country whose affairs are controlled by a stronger power (United States) • America’s military responsibilities: gave food and clothing; built roads, railroads, dock facilities; helped farmers; reopened University of Havana and organized elementary schools
The Teller Amendment • This amendment declared that Cuba was independent from Spain and authorized the U.S. to use military force to secure Cuba from any other country attempting to control Cuba.
Platt Amendment • Cuba was not to make treaties threatening its independence. • Cuba was not to permit any foreign power to control any part of its territory. • U.S. had the right to intervene in Cuba’s internal affairs. • Cuba was not to go into debt. • U.S. could buy and lease land on the island for coaling or naval stations. (Guantanamo Bay) • The result was that Cuba became a protectorate of the U.S.
Economic Ties • U.S. made large loans to Cuba. • American corporations invested heavily Cuba’s sugar plantations and refineries, public utilities, and railroads. • The bulk of Cuba’s foreign trade was with the United States.
Puerto Rico • Becomes a commonwealth • Foraker Act, 1900 – provided for a governor to be appointed by the President of the U.S. • The President received the power to appoint members of the legislative upper house. • Members of the lower house were elected.
Puerto Rico • 1917-became citizens of the U.S. • 1950- Puerto Rico drafted their own constitution. • 1952- Puerto Rico became a commonwealth (could make its own laws and handle its own finances, while U.S. took care of defense and tariffs)
Hawaii • American interest in Hawaii began because it was a good stopping place on the way to China. • Missionaries were also interested in converting the native Hawaiians to Christianity. • American businessmen were interested in the sugar plantations.
Results of American Interest • Hawaiians lost control of the islands because plantations owners wanted closer ties with the U.S. • Hawaiian-born white businessmen forced King Kalakaua to change the constitution so that only men who owned land or had a certain income could vote. Therefore, control of the government passed into the hands of businessmen of American descent.
Hawaii • Queen Liliuokalani is deposed. • August 12, 1898- Hawaiian islands became a territory of the U.S. • 1959- became the 50th state
Battle for the Philippines • Conflict breaks out in Manila. • President Taft served as the civilian governor of the Philippines, 1901-1904. • 1916- Jones Act replaced the appointed upper house with an elected senate • July 4, 1949-Philippines became an independent republic
The Insular Cases, 1901 • Question: Would the U.S> grant full constitutional privileges to the people of the new possessions? • Ruling: The Constitution does not automatically apply to newly acquired possessions.
The United States Becomes A World Power • Open Door Policy- US wanted a larger share in the China Market. • John Hay proposed that all nations be allowed to compete on equal terms; he was against the spheres of influence. • That made the U.S. appear more favorable to China.
The Boxer Rebellion • Some Chinese nationalists wanted to end foreign influence in China. • The Boxers massacred 300 foreigners and Chinese Christians in 1900 launching their Boxer Rebellion. • The US and other imperial powers sent troops to fight the Boxers and eventually put the rebellion down.
Russo-Japanese War • Japan won. • Japan asked the US to mediate. • Teddy Roosevelt mediated the Treaty of Portsmouth. • Japan gained ½ Sakhalen Island off the coast of Siberia. • Russia agreed to let Japan take over its interests in Manchuria and Korea. • Teddy Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in this.(1906)
Panama Canal • Hay-Buneau-Varilla Treaty- gave the U.S. a 10-mile –wide canal zone; gave Panama $10 million plus $250,000/year after 9 years; guaranteed Panama’s independence, but U.S. had right to intervene • Canal opened August 15, 1914
The Monroe Doctrine • The Monroe Doctrine was expanded. • Roosevelt Corollary – the United States became the international police force
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy • Policy of using the United States government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by U.S. businessmen
Some Members of the Anti-Imperialism League • Mark Twain • Jane Addams • Samuel Gompers • Ambrose Bierce • Andrew Carnegie • Grover Cleveland
Wilson and Mexico • War was raging in Mexico. • August 1914- Venustiano Carranza took over the Mexican government. • 1916- One of Carranza’s enemies, Pancho Villa, crossed the Rio Grande and killed 19 people in New Mexico. • President Wilson sent a force of 15,000 men to capture or kill Pancho Villa.
Wilson and Mexico • General John Pershing took 15, 000 men into Mexico to get Villa. • In their pursuit, they nearly caused a war with Mexico. • Pancho Villa was never caught. • WWI took Wilson’s attention away from Mexico.
