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FUNGI

FUNGI. FUNGI. COMMON FUNGI EXAMPLES: Mushrooms, yeasts, molds, morels, bracket fungi, puff balls. Fungi are heterotrophs Fungi are the decomposers Fungi use extracellular digestion – when enzymes are secreted outside of their body to digest food Most fungi are multicellular

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FUNGI

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  1. FUNGI

  2. FUNGI • COMMON FUNGI EXAMPLES: • Mushrooms, yeasts, molds, morels, bracket fungi, puff balls

  3. Fungi are heterotrophs Fungi are the decomposers Fungi use extracellular digestion – when enzymes are secreted outside of their body to digest food Most fungi are multicellular Fungal spores develop from hyphae Many fungi are symbionts with other organisms Key Concepts:

  4. Multicellular Plant looking Mushrooms, molds Single cell Yeasts Found in soil, on plants, in humans Characteristics of Fungi Yeast

  5. Fungi are adapted to absorb their food from the environment.

  6. 1.Cell walls Made of Chitin The same stuff that makes insects’ exoskeleton. 3 Major Features

  7. Thin filaments making up the fungus. Long, thread-like chains of cells. Grow at the tips and branch… Mycelium – mass of hyphae 2. Hyphae

  8. septum - the wall that divides cells (internal cross- walls) 3. Cross-walls

  9. Anatomy of Fungi Visible • hyphae • mycellium • fruiting body Draw in Lab Journal: Figure 5-1 p. 553

  10. Fungi come in many shapes and sizes. • Primitive fungi are aquatic and have flagellated spores.

  11. Chytridiomycota - Chytrids Zygomycota – Common Molds Ascomycota – Sac Fungi Basidiomycota – Club Fungi Deuteromycota – Imperfect Fungi 5 Phyla of Fungi

  12. 1. Phylum Chytridiomycota • Mostly marine • Mostly saprophytes (lives on dead or decaying organic matter) • Have flagellated spores

  13. 2. Phylum Zygomycota • Mostly terrestrial. • Two types of hyphae: • Stolons– (horizontal) spread across the surface • Rhizoids – (vertical) digs into the surface

  14. 3. Phylum Ascomycota (Sac Fungi) • Most are multicellular (except for yeast) • Most undergo asexual reproduction • Largest phylum of Fungi Morels ascoscarp

  15. 4. Phylum Basidiomycota (Club Fungi) • Club fungi have fruiting bodies which are club-shaped. • Most are edible • reproductive structures called basidia • Include mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi

  16. 5. Phylum Deuteromycota • Asexual Reproduction • Imperfect Fungi • Do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classification • No sexual structures • Multicellular tissue is similar to the hyphae of sac fungi and club fungi • Erect hyphae with asexual spores similar to sac fungi and club fungi Ringworm

  17. Fungi Slides Lab

  18. 3 kinds of fungi reproduction: Budding Fragmentation Spore production Fungi Reproduction

  19. Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually. • Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. • Yeasts reproduce asexually through budding. • Yeasts form asci (sexual spore-bearing cell) during sexual reproduction.

  20. Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles. • distinctive reproductive structures Draw in Lab Journal: Figure 5-5 p. 556

  21. life cycles may include either sexual or asexual reproduction or both Draw in lab journal – Figure 5-6A p. 557 • Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles.

  22. life cycles may include either sexual or asexual reproduction or both Draw in Lab Journal: Figure 5-6B page 557 • Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles.

  23. All fungi form spores and zygotes.

  24. KEY CONCEPTFungi recycle nutrients in the environment.

  25. Fungi may be decomposers, pathogens, or mutualists. • Fungi and bacteria are the main decomposers in any ecosystem. • decompose dead leaves, twigs, logs, and animals • return nutrients to the soil • can damage fruit trees and wooden structures

  26. human diseases include ringworm and athlete’s foot • plant diseases include Dutch elm disease • Haustoria – hyphae that penetrate the host so that the parasitic fungus can absorb nutrients • Fungi can act as pathogens.

  27. lichens form between fungi and algae • mycorrhizae form between fungi and plants • Fungi can act as mutualists.

  28. Lichens Bioindicators – help show when environmental conditions are unsuitable. Pioneer species – 1st to inhabit an environment. Fungi (usually ascomycota) + algae (or photosynthetic bacteria) foliose crustose

  29. dispersal fragment (cells of mycobiont and of photobiont) cortex (outer layer of mycobiont) photobionts medulla (inner layer of loosley woven hyphae) cortex Crustose

  30. Old Man’s Beard Usnea – fructicose Leaf-like - foliose Erect branching Lichen Cladonia rangiferina fructicose

  31. Crustose foliose fructicose

  32. Fungi can act as mutualists. • relationships form between fungi and some insects

  33. Fungi are studied for many purposes. • Fungi are useful in several ways. • as food • as antibiotics • as model systems for molecular biology

  34. Bioremediation – help clean the environment. Fungi and Humans

  35. Molds Penicillium Penicillin Camembert and Roquefort cheeses Aspergillus Soy sauce Soft drinks - citric acid Yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bread, wine and beer Candida albicans Infections Fungi and Humans

  36. Zygomycetes Rhizopus - Food spoilage Ascomycetes Ajeliomyces capsulatus-Histoplasmosis Aspergillus – sinus, ear, lung infection Microsporium sp. Various ringworms. Verticillium spPlant wilt Monilinia fructicola- Brown Rot of Peaches Some Pathogenic and Toxic Fungi

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