Launching the New Nation: Washington's Government and Foreign Affairs

1. CHAPTER 6 Launching the New Nation

2. CHAPTER 6 Section 1 – Washington Heads the New Government

3. George Washington, commanding general of Continental Army during Revolution, unanimous choice to be the first president Constitution provided strong foundation, but lacked details Washington and his admin. would have to figure out a lot on their own Needed to figure how to… 1. Raise $ and manage economy 2. Provide for defense 3. Set up a court system Set many important precedents Washington at the Helm

4. In 1789 Congress created the first four executive departments The heads of each of these departments made up the first cabinet – a group of advisors to the president Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton Secretary of War Henry Knox Attorney General Edmund Randolph Washington’s Cabinet http://upontruth.com/images/alexanderhamilton.jpg Alexander Hamilton

6. Constitution said little about the structure of the judicial branch Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 to establish structure of the courts Established three levels of the Federal Judiciary - Supreme Court - Federal Courts of Appeals - Federal District Court Supreme Court included 6 justices including a Chief Justice (today it is 9 justices) Creating the Courts http://www.staddonfamily.com/files/2008/02/john-jay1.jpg John Jay 1st Chief Justice of Supreme Court

7. U.S. incurred millions of $ of debt from Revolution – some to other countries, some to U.S. citizens (bonds) Hamilton’s Plan Calls For... 1. Fed. government to assume individual state debts 2. Bonds to be repaid in full by National government 3. National Bank Many in South opposed plan – felt it favored the North Northern and southern states strike a deal – Hamilton’s plan passes and capital moves to Washington D.C. Hamilton’s Economic Plan

8. Debate over Hamilton’s plan led to rift in Washington’s cabinet, formation of first political parties Hamilton and supporters of plan become Federalists, Jefferson and opponents of plan become Democratic-Republicans Biggest divide over National Bank proposal Federalists believe Elastic Clause (Art. I Sec. 8) gives Congress power to create bank – “loose” interpretation of Constitution Dem-Rep oppose bank, believe in “strict” interpretation Hamilton’s Economic Plan

9. In 1791 Hamilton’s proposed tax on the manufacture of American whiskey passed in Congress Western farmers were outraged by the tax, and in 1794 the Whiskey Rebellion took place in western Pennsylvania Washington sent in 13,000 troops to stop the rebellion Demonstrates the ability of the new government to enforce federal law The Whiskey Rebellion http://www.gallon.com/prodimages/gl-gl-115.jpg

10. Believed in strong central government Economy based on business/industry Loose interpretation of Constitution Led by Hamilton, John Adams Most from Northeast Bankers, artisans, merchants Supported English Believed in states’ rights Economy based on farming – agrarianism Strict interpretation of Constitution Led by Jefferson, Madison Most from South and West Farmers Support French Federalists Republicans

11. Hamiltonian vs. Jeffersonian Monticello Charlottesville, VA Trinity Church New York, NY

12. CHAPTER 6 Section 2 Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation

13. French Revolution begins in 1789 Radicals gain control, Britain and France go to war again in 1792 Washington issues proclamation of neutrality Washington’s Foreign Policy

14. Britain began seizing American ships, inciting Native Americans Washington sends John Jay to Britain in attempt to avoid war Britain drives hard bargain – Jay’s Treaty British gave up their forts on American soil, but kept most of restrictions on American ships. Jay’s Treaty

15. Indian Confederacy forms in Northwest Territory led by Chief Little Turtle Washington sends Gen. “Mad Anthony” Wayne to put down resistance Wayne defeats Native Americans at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in southern Ohio Ended resistance in Northwest Territory Conflict with Native Americans

16. After 2 terms, Washington decides step down and retire In his famous Farewell Address to the American people, he warns against sectionalism, politicalparties, and foreign alliances Election of 1796

17. First openly contested election in U.S. Federalists nominate John Adams, Republicans nominate Thomas Jefferson Adams wins 71-68 in electoral college Election of 1796

18. Enraged by Jay Treaty, French start seizing American ships Adams sends Charles Pinckney, Elbridge Gerry, and John Marshall to France to improve relations Pinckney’s Treaty- Spain agreed to open the Mississippi River to traffic by Spanish subjects and U.S. citizens, and to allow American traders to use the port of New Orleans. The Quasi-War With France

19. In the XYZ Affair, the French foreign minister refused to talk to Americans, has agents ask for bribe and $12 million loan France and U.S. fight Quasi-War, undeclared war at sea from 1798-1800 The Quasi-War With France

20. Passed by Federalists at the height of anger towards France Three laws aimed at aliens – prevented immigrants from voting (most voted Republican) Fourth law deprived citizens of right to criticize public officials; several Republicans arrested The Alien and Sedition Acts

21. Republicans respond to acts with Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, secretly written by Madison and Jefferson Kentucky Resolutions introduced idea of nullification, when states declare a federal law invalid because they believe it is unconstitutional The Alien and Sedition Acts

22. CHAPTER 6 Section 3 Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course

23. Adams vs. Jefferson Constitutional flaw was exposed – Jefferson tied with running-mate Aaron Burr Election thrown into Federalist-controlled House of Reps Burr tries to steal election and the runoff in House ends in a tie Election of 1800

24. Jefferson strikes deal with Federalists to keep Hamilton’s financial system in place Jefferson wins by one vote after several ballots are cast Peaceful transition – Jefferson later called Revolution of 1800 Election of 1800

25. Believed in small government – cut government spending and began to pay off national debt Eliminated whiskey tax Reduced size of army and navy Congress repealed Alien and Sedition Acts Thomas Jefferson Takes Office

26. Before Jefferson took office, Federalists passed Judiciary Act of 1801 Created 16 new federal judges, Adams appoints Federalists known as “midnight judges” Republicans repeal act early in 1802, doing away with midnight judges The Rise of the Supreme Court

27. Republicans then tried to remove other Federalist judges through impeachment In 1804 the House impeached Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase Senate did not remove him – he was not guilty of “high crimes or misdemeanors” Impeaching Judges

28. Adams appointed Federalist John Marshall chief justice of Supreme Court In 1803, Marshall and the Supreme Court established precedent of judicial review – the power to decide whether laws passed by Congress were constitutional Marbury vs. Madison

29. The Louisiana Purchase • In 1800, France regains Louisiana from Spain in secret deal • Worried about control of Mississippi River, Jefferson sends delegation to Paris • Napoleon needs money to fight war in Europe • France sells Louisiana to U.S. for bargain price of $15 million • More than doubled size of U.S.

30. Lewis and Clark Expedition • Jefferson sends Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore Louisiana Territory • Found path through Rocky Mts, reached Pacific Ocean • Along the way they met Sacagawea, a Native American woman who served as a guide

31. CHAPTER 6 Section 4 – The War of 1812

32. After fragile peace fell apart, Britain and France go back to war in 1803 Britain began to use impressment, kidnapping Americans off of merchant ships and forcing them to serve in the British Navy In June 1807, a British warship opened fire on the American warship The Chesapeake Jefferson tries an embargo but it does not work – repealed in 1809 Rising Tensions With Britain

33. James Madison elected president in 1808 Like Jefferson, Madison tried economic pressure to get France and England to stop interfering with American ships The Non-Intercourse Act and Macon’s Bill #2 both failed to convince Britain or France to respect American shipping rights Finally in 1810, France agreed to stop restricting American trade James Madison The Road to War

34. War Hawks – group of young Republicans from the South and West who are pushing for war with Britain The northeast is against a war – hurts trade In June 1812, Madison asked Congress for a Declaration of War Congress voted to declare war; 79-49 in the House and 19-13 in the Senate Henry Clay The Road to War

35. Impressment of American sailors Western settlers blamed British for problems with Native Americans Southern farmers were losing money because of British trade restrictions Lack of communication between Britain and U.S. France tried to lead U.S. and Britain into war Causes of the War of 1812

36. U.S. was not ready to fight War of 1812 – only 7,000 troops and 16 ships Americans deeply divided – New England called it “Mr. Madison’s War” U.S. financial problems – National Bank charter had expired Problems of the War of 1812

37. U.S. decided to invade Canada in 1812 – huge mistake U.S. had some success on Lake Erie in 1813 In 1814, Britain’s war with France ended and the British shifted extra troops to America With U.S. focused on Canada, Britain invaded via the Chesapeake Bay and burnt Washington to the ground in Aug 1814 U.S.S. Constitution The War of 1812

38. After attacking Washington D.C., the British attacked Baltimore U.S. prepared to defend Baltimore After the British bombarded Fort McHenry all night long on Sep. 13th, Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner the next morning The Star Spangled Banner

39. Support for the war declined, especially among New England Federalists At the Hartford Convention in December 1814, High Federalists urged New England to secede from the Union A month later the U.S. gets a decisive victory at the Battle of New Orleans – General Andrew Jackson becomes a war hero The Hartford Convention all but ended the Federalist Party The War of 1812

40. Britain and the U.S. signed the Treaty of Ghent on December 2, 1814 Treaty was actually signed before the Battle of New Orleans Treaty said nothing about impressment and no territory changed hands War of 1812 increased the nation’s prestige overseas, as well as unity and patriotism The War of 1812 Ends