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World Trade Centre: Introduction. Seeds of WTC planted after World War II in 1940's, Dedicated in 1973City chose to build the WTC instead of building a new tunnel and large bridge over the Hudson River 16 acre site in Lower Manhattan7 buildings including two 110 storey towers, 8 years of construction.
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1. Human Health Risk Assessment:World Trade Centre Disaster Clinton S Young
Itza Mendoza Sanchez
Vaishali Kushwaha
2. World Trade Centre: Introduction Seeds of WTC planted after World War II in 1940’s, Dedicated in 1973
City chose to build the WTC instead of building a new tunnel and large bridge over the Hudson River
16 acre site in Lower Manhattan
7 buildings including two 110 storey towers, 8 years of construction
3. World Trade Centre: Facts To create the 16-acre WTC site, 5 streets were closed off and 164 buildings were demolished
1.2 million cubic yards of earth was excavated, which was used to create 23.5 acres of Liberty Park along the Hudson River
More than 200,000 tons (68 miles) of steel, which can make three more Brooklyn Bridges
425,000 cubic yards of concrete, enough to build a 5 foot wide sidewalk from New York City to Washington, D.C.
Combined weight of 2 towers was more than 1.5 million tons
43,600 windows with over 600,000 square feet of glass window area.
more than 16 miles of staircases.
60,000 tons of cooling capacity, 49,000 tons of air-conditioning equipment, 239 elevators and 71 escalators
23,000 fluorescent light bulbs, 12,000 miles of electrical cable, 75,000 telephones maintained by 19,600 miles of cable, 300 computer mainframes
More than 250,000 cans of paint were needed every year for upkeep of the Towers
More than 50,000 people worked in the twin towers and More than 200,000 people - half of them tourists - moved through the buildings each day
$110.3 million in gold and 120.7 million in silver were buried in the rubble
It is the first skyscraper in the world destroyed by terrorists
4. World Trade Centre: Disaster September 11, 2001, morning 8.45 hijacked 767 commercial jet airplane hit north tower.
18 minutes later, 9.03am another plane hit south tower
S-tower suffered complete structural collapse 1st and then N-tower collapsed
47 storey office got damaged, caught fire and later on collapsed totally
All the seven buildings of WTC collapsed and nearby buildings got significantly damaged
About 2800 people died
The fires were fed by more than 91,000 L of jet fuel and went on for days
Airborne dust from the collapse and fumes from burning of the towers blanketed Lower Manhattan with dust containing a complex mixture of PM, asbestos, various metals, dioxins, benzene, glass fiber, PCBs, PAHs, and VOCs
5. World Trade Centre Disaster: Risk Assessment The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the potential risk to health of people working or living in the vicinity of the WTC, immediately after the WTC collapse.
The methodology used for the risk assessment
Hazard Identification and Data evaluation
Exposure Assessment
Toxicity Assessment
Risk Characterization
6. World Trade Centre Disaster: Data Collection Air quality in and around New York has been monitored by:
Environmental Protection Agency
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
New York City Department of Environmental Protection
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
EPA data has been used for the Analysis
samples of air, dust, water, river sediments and drinking water were tested for the presence of pollutants
Data collection from more than 20 fixed air monitors in and around ground zero, regional monitors in the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island, and more than 20 fixed air monitors at the Staten Island Landfill (where debris from the search and recovery and excavation operations is shifted)
Data was collected and evaluated for 7 contaminants/contaminant classes:
Particulate matter (PM)
Metals (lead, chromium, and nickel)
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Dioxins
volatile organic compounds (VOCs; benzene and several others) Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Asbestos
7. World Trade Centre Disaster: Data Sampling Asbestos in Air
Standard under AHERA, the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act
Asbestos in Bulk Dust
The 1% definition
Particulate Matter in Air
Two methods for measuring particulate matter: The filter method , The continuous method
Drinking Water
Sampled drinking water from 13 water mains, evaluated the samples against federal Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs), no contaminants were detected
Benzene/ VOCs in Air
all measurements were "grab" samples, lasting a few minutes
Metals in Air
analyzed 20 metals, about a third of these metals: not detected and thirteen metals: detected
8. World Trade Centre Disaster: Data Evaluation very limited data available on the levels of exposure that occurred to individuals due to direct contact with the plume of smoke and dust generated by the WTC collapse on September 11
earliest reported data are from asbestos monitoring, which began on September 14
data available is space variable as well as time variable
the maximum concentration for all the contaminants available has been chosen in order to calculate risk
comparing a single concentration with the available screening values (which are for average concentrations and for continuous exposure) makes almost all the contaminants Chemical of Concerns (COC’s).
9. Toxicity Assessment
10. Toxicity assessment
11. Exposure assessment To evaluate the exposure pathways it is necessary to define:
a) Source of contamination
b) Media contaminated
c) Type of contaminant
d) Route of human exposure.
12. Exposure assessment Source of contamination
13. Exposure assessment Media contaminated
air
Type of contaminants
Asbestos, benzene,dioxin, metals,
PM, PCBs, VOCs
Route of human exposure
inhalation
14. Exposure assessment Exposure scenarios
15. Exposure assessment
16. WTC Building Exposures Four Buildings
North
South
Austin
Building 5
Carcinogen vs. Non-carcinogen
Adults Only
Occupational Exposures
17. WTC North Carcinogens Non-carcinogens
18. WTC South Carcinogens Non-carcinogens
19. WTC Austin Carcinogens Non-carcinogens
20. WTC Building 5 Carcinogens Non-carcinogens
21. Average Exposures Larger sampling area
Children and Adults
Different exposures
Industrial
Recreational
Residential
22. Adult Industrial Exposure Carcinogens Non-carcinogens
23. Adult Recreational Exposure Carcinogens Non-carcinogens
24. Child Recreational Exposure Carcinogens Non-carcinogens
25. Adult Residential Exposure Carcinogens Non-carcinogens
26. Child Residential Exposure Carcinogens Non-carcinogens
27. Summary Carcinogens
Benzene
chloroform
dichloroethane
vinyl chloride
Dioxane
Bromoform
carbon tetrachloride
hexachlorobutadiene Non-carcinogens
Butadiene
vinyl acetate
bromoethane
chromium
chlorobenzene
benzene
MTBE