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Chapter 4. Ancient Greece 1900 – 133 B.C. Location of Greece within Europe. Key Events. Athens and Sparta emerged as the leading Greek city-states The Greek military defeated the Persian army Greek Theatre, arts, and architecture flourished during the Classical Age
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Chapter 4 Ancient Greece 1900 – 133 B.C.
Key Events • Athens and Sparta emerged as the leading Greek city-states • The Greek military defeated the Persian army • Greek Theatre, arts, and architecture flourished during the Classical Age • Greek Philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle established the foundations of Western Philosophy
The Impact Today • The Olympic games are held every 2 years • Greek architecture is still considered the classical model of grace and symmetry • Greek plays continue to be performed throughout the world • Current democratic systems of government and citizenship are based on ideas originally developed by the Greeks
Timeline • Chapter coversalmost 1800years of ancient Greek history • 1900 B.C. through 133 B.C.
Chapter Preview • Pericles Addresses Athens • Speech at public funeral during war between the Greek states of Athens and Sparta • Similarities with U.S. Constitution
Section 1 The First Greek Civilizations
Greek Geography • A mountainous peninsula and many islands (About the size of Louisiana) • Mountains and sea played important roles • Mountains isolated Greeks from one another – different communities developed their own ways of life
Greek Geography (Continued) • Communities became independent • Small size encourage participation in politics • The rivalry led to warfare that devastated Greek society • Greeks also lived on many islands surrounding the mainland • There were many harbors along the coastlines
The Minoan Civilization • Flourished between 2700 and 1450 B.C. • Was located on the large island of Crete (Southeast of mainland) • Sea empire based on trade • An advanced civilization
The End of the Minoan’s • Sudden and catastrophic collapse in 1450 B.C. • How? • Tidal Wave (tsunami) • Invasion of Mycenaeans from the mainland of Greece • Historians do not agree
The First Greek State: Mycenae • Flourished between 1600 and 1100 B.C. • Made up of powerful monarchies • Resided in a fortified palace center • Built on hills and surrounded by gigantic stone walls
The Mycenaeans • Warrior people, proud of battle accomplishments • Mycenaean states fought one another • Major earthquakes caused significant damage • By 1100 B.C. Mycenaean civilization collapsed.
The Greek Dark Age • Approximately 1100 to 750 B.C. • Population declined and food production dropped • Few records of what happened exist • Significant developments (use of iron; adoption of Phoenician alphabet; works of Homer)
Homer • Creator of epic poems – The Iliad and the Odyssey • Taught courage and honor (arete) through poems • Had some historical basis, but they also gave Greece an ideal past to serve as a model for future generations
Homer’s Iliad Video: Analyzing the Myths Surrounding the Trojan War (Discovery Education) – 5 Minutes
Homer’s Odyssey Video: Homer’s Odyssey (Discovery Education) – 7 Minutes
Section 2 The Greek City-States
The Polis: Center of Greek Life • By 750 B.C. The City State (Polis) became the central focus of Greek life • Gathering place typically a hill • Fortified area called a acropolis • Below the acropolis was an agora • Community with common identity and common goals
Greek Colonies • Between 750 and 550 B.C. new Greek colonies established in southern Italy, southern France, eastern Spain, and northern Africa • Review of Page 117 Map
Tyranny in the City-States • Greek tyrants were rulers who seized power by force from the aristocrats • Although it did not last, the rule of tyrants had ended the rule of the aristocrats in many city-states. • Development of democracy and commitment to oligarchy
Sparta (The Spartans!) • Conquests created captured people (helots). • A Military State (Read & Discuss: Young People in Greece - Page 118)
Government of Sparta • Oligarchy headed by 2 kings • Ephors (5 men elected each year) • A council of Elders (2 Kings and 28 citizens over age 60) • Assembly of male citizens • Remained Isolated from rest of world
Athens • Political turmoil leads to drastic change and the creation of the Athenian democracy
Section 3 Classical Greece
The Challenge of Persia • The Persian Wars (499 – 479 B.C.) – Review of map on page 122 • Legend of Athenian Runner. Today’s marathon is based on this heroic story. • Relate to The Movie “300” • Ultimately the Greeks defeat the Persians ending the war
The Growth of the Athenian Empire • After the defeat of the Persians, Athens takes over the leadership of the Greek world. • Form a defensive alliance called the Delian League • Athens creates an empire under Pericles • Democracy flourishes (Age of Pericles)
Age of Pericles • Creation of a direct democracy (In Athens all male citizens participated and voted) • City officials ran the government daily • Development of ostracism – Banning of a harmful political figure from the city for 10 years • Massive rebuilding after Persian war
The Great Peloponnesian War • Between Athenian Empire and Sparta (Very different societies) • Athens eventually surrenders • Overall the Greek City states were significantly weakened • Map review (Page 124) • Primary source reading (Plague in Athens – Page 991) Read & Discuss
Daily Life in Classical Athens • 5th Century B.C. • 150,000 Citizens in Athens • 43,000 Were adult males with political power • 35,000 foreigners with law protection • 100,000 Slaves (Common in Athens) • Economy based on farming and trade • The family and the role of women
Eyewitness to History • Read Together and discuss: An Athenian Husband Explains His Wife’s Duties (Page 126)
Section 4 The Culture of Classical Greece
Greek Religion • Greek Gods and Goddesses (Mount Olympus) • Zeus (The Chief God and Father of the Gods) • Greek Religious rituals involved prayers often combined with gifts to the gods based on the principle “I gave so that you will give”
Greek Religion (Continued) • Festivals Honored the Gods • First Olympic games held at the Olympic Festival in 776 B.C. (Read and Discuss – Page 130 “The Way it Was”) • Learned the will of the gods through an oracle (sacred shrine where a god or goddess revealed the future through a priest or priestess)
Greek Drama • Plays were in outdoor theatres in the form of tragedies. Presented as trilogies (set of 3 plays with a common theme) • Greek Playwrights – Aeschyius, Sophocles, and Euripides • Themes – • Good and Evil - Nature of Human Beings • Nature of Divine forces - Individual Rights • Comedy (After tragedies)
Greek Philosophy • Socrates – The Socratic Method (Question and Answer format to lead people to their own reasoning). Sentenced to death for “Corrupting youth” • Plato – Great Philosopher. A student of Socrates. Explained views of government in “The Republic”. • Aristotle – A student of Plato. Differing view of government.
Greek Architecture • Temples dedicated to a god or goddess • Center walled rooms (statues/treasures/gifts) • Surrounded by columns • Most famous temple (The Parthenon) • Located in Athens • Built around 440 B.C. • Dedicated to Athena, the patron goddess of Athens
Section 5 Alexander and the Hellenistic Kingdoms
The Threat of Macedonia • Macedonia (North of Greece) emerged as a powerful kingdom by the end of the 5th Century • Greeks looked down on the Macedonians as uncivilized foreigners • King Philip II and his powerful army defeated several united Greek states in 338 B.C. • King Philip was assassinated in 336 B.C.
Alexander the Great • King Phillip II had wanted to go after Persia next • Alexander was the son of King Philip II and took over as King of Macedonia at the age of 20 • Alexander took over the quest of attacking the Persian Empire
