Public speaking

1. Public speaking Tips and tools for creating and presenting Speeches

2. Public Speaking- Similarities to Conversation: • Focus • Verbalize thoughts/ideas • Respond to confusion, boredom, questions • Adapt to listeners Differences to Conversation: • Planned • Formal • Roles defined & stable

3. The Seven Components of the Public Speaking Process • Source: The person who originates the message. • Receiver: The listener or audience that hears and listens to, the message sent by the source. • Verbal messages are the words chosen for the speech. • Nonverbal messages are movements, gestures, facial expressions, and vocal variations that can reinforce or contradict words. • Channel: The means of distributing your words, whether by coaxial cable, microwave, radio, video or air. • Situation: The time, place and occasion in which the message sending and receiving occurs. • Noise: The interference with, or obstacles to, communication.

4. General Purpose To Inform To Persuade To Entertain • Artifact • Demo

5. Specific Purpose .Audience-Centered Audience-Centered Audience-Centered • Further audience knowledge • What is in it for the audience? • What do you want the audience to do with the information? • What is overarching idea about your topic?

6. Examples Space junk Buying a car Foodborne illnesses

7. Specific Purpose/Clarification • Space junk-To inform my audience about the dangers of space junk-dead satellites & bits of expended rocket stages-that orbits the earth. The 9,000+ pieces of debris that orbit the earth threaten commercial and scientific satellites.

8. Specific Purpose/Clarification • Buying a car-to teach the audience how to avoid high-pressure sales tactics to successfully buy a car. By following these steps, you will not be taken for a ride by salespeople. • Foodborne illnesses

9. Required Tools for Outline-Introduction • Attention Getter-Engage the audience • Clarification Step-Offer specific purpose & idea + credibility • Preview-Provide a road map

10. Required Tools for Outline • Attention Getter-Engage the audience • Tell a story • Ask a question • Use a quotation • Use humor • Arouse curiosity/suspense

11. Required Tools for Outline • Clarification-Offer specific purpose & idea + credibility • Spell out what audience gains from this-relevance/significance • Credibility-yours/outside source • Necessary background information

12. Required Tools for Outline • Preview-Provide a road map • Briefly state the 2 or 3 Major points you will cover

13. Required Tools for Outline-Body Body, Body, Body! • Rules: • All Major points (I., II., III.) must be written as declarative sentences • All Main points (A., B., C.) must be written as declarative sentences • Any substructure (1., 2., a., b.) only need key words/phrases • Outlines need to follow traditional format • Transitions need to be written b/t major points

14. More outline guidelines Body, Body, Body • 2 or 3 main points-I, II, &/or III • Building blocks of thesis • Should emerge from research • Written as simple, declarative sentence • Each has an A & B &/or a C • Support Main point • Written as simple declarative sentence

15. Outline guidelines cont. Body, Body, Body • Thesis: A college education is valuable. • It helps you get a good job • It increases your earning potential • It gives you greater job mobility • It helps you secure more creative work • It helps you to appreciate the arts more fully • It helps you to understand an extremely complex world • It helps you understand different cultures • It helps you avoid taking a regular job for a few years • It helps you increase your personal effectiveness

16. Guidelines for creating points Main points • Eliminate those points that seem least important to your thesis • Combine those points that have a common focus • A college education helps you get a good job. • A college education increases your personal effectiveness

17. Create building blocks *Main points Sub points Evidence • I. A college education helps you get a job. • College graduates earn higher salaries. • College graduates enter more creative jobs. • College graduates have greater job mobility.

18. More Main points *Main points Sub points Evidence • II. A college education increases your personal effectiveness. • A college education helps you improve your ability to communicate. • A college education helps you acquire the skills for learning how to think. • A college education helps you acquire coping skills.

19. Guidelines Main points *Sub points Evidence • A. A college education helps improve your ability to communicate. • Writing skills • Evidence needed • Evidence needed • Speech skills • Evidence needed • Evidence needed

20. Topic Idea from research for Informative Researching Elephants • While researching elephants for info speech, discover how they do not hang out randomly within herd. Grouped in social circles based on elephant’s lineage on mother’s side. Potential interest b/c we are social animals, too. Learn about elephant society & maybe how status operates in human society.

21. Organizational Patterns Topical Chronological Causal Comparison/ Contrast Spatial • Classification or division • Divides the topic into subclasses or topics • Terms used: kinds, classes, reasons, varieties, brands, breeds, features, categories, methods, techniques, schemes, strategies, groupings, policies, tactics, shapes, levels, sizes, theories, actions…

22. Draft Using Topical Topical • I want to inform my audience about the categories of elephant social circles • The central structure (composed of the matriarch & her calf) • The main family unit (the matriarch’s other offspring & her sisters) • The bond group (other relatives with their own families

23. Patterns Cont. Chronological • Time arrangement • Terms used: steps, stages, periods, phases, chapters, epochs, historical eras or historical phases

24. Draft Using Chronological Chronological • I want to inform my audience that the steps used in training elephants for circus performance is controversial. • Separating young from mother • Breaking the elephant (training submissiveness) • Teaching elementary/advanced performing tricks.

25. Patterns Cont. Causal • Focuses on either cause or effects of something • Terms used for cause speech: causes, reasons, grounds, motives, sources, roots, antecedents, explanations, determinants • Terms used for effect speech: effect, results, consequences, impacts, outcomes, upshots, end results

26. Draft Using Causal Causal • I want to inform my audience about the human-related causes of declining elephant populations in Africa • Habitat destruction & degradation • Hunting elephants for meat • Continued ivory poaching

27. Patterns Cont. Comparison/ Contrast • Comparison-addresses new idea by showing the similarities between tow seemingly unlike things • Contrast-points out the differences between two seemingly similar things • Do not use both-choose one and focus

28. Comparison Comparison • Terms used: similarities, parallels, resemblances, analogies, correlations • I want to inform my audience about the similarities between the working elephant & the working horse. • Their use as an agriculture assistant • Their use in ceremony & tourism

29. Patterns Cont. Spatial • Discusses topic according to the way things fit together in a physical space • Terms used: districts, sections, boroughs, regions • Areas, segments, sectors, divisions • Layers, strata, components, zones

30. Spatial Spatial • I want to inform my audience about the regions of Asian elephant subspecies • Southern India & Sri Lanka (Elephas maximus maximus) • Southeast Asia (Elephas maximus indicus) • Malaysia & Sumatra (Elephas maximus sumatrensis)

31. Outline Guidelines Main points Sub points *Evidence • Evidence of Fact/Opinion • Examples-a few types • Illustration-longer, more detailed example Women are objectified, often in the most obscene & degrading ways. Songs such as Prodigy’s single “Smack My Bitch Up” or “Don’t Trust a Bitch” by the group Mo Thugs encourage animosity & even violence against women. Nine Inch Nails enjoyed both critical & commercial success with “Big Man w/ a Gun” which describes forcing a woman into oral sex & shooting her in the head at pointblank range.

32. Outline Guidelines Main points Sub points *Evidence • Evidence of Fact/Opinion • Examples-a few types • Narration-told in story-like fashion My story began like many others: I married early-after only 1 yr. of college. & I headed off to work to “put hubby through” doing clerical work, as was also so common then. What happened to get me back on the road to finish college? 1 extraordinarily boring job experience. It made me realize that I would probably work for most or all of my life & I did not want to got throuh life w/o enjoying my work.

33. Outline Guidelines Main points Sub points *Evidence • Evidence of Fact/Opinion • Examples-a few types • Specific examples 1. Some university athletic budgets are now as much as $33m 2. Each school in the 1997 Rose bowl received $8.25m which it divided w/ other schools in its conference. 3. Coors Brewing Company paid $5m to the Univ. of Colo. when the university agreed to name the new field house “Coors Events Center”.

34. More Evidence of Fact Evidence • Statistics • Averages • Correlations • Difference • Percentages Make them clear, meaningful, visually reinforcing, use in moderation

35. More Evidence of Opinion Evidence • Testimony-opinions of experts accounts of witnesses Providing daycare/assistance is good business. The Feb 8, 1995 WSJ points to several progressive firms like Marriot Intl. Its program stopped a 300% yearly turnover rate. 48 Hrs. reports that Toyota’s program is responsible for the 60% of employees who have a perfect attendance record. As Toyota’s vice president of human resources said, “It’s not a fringe benefit anymore. It’s a necessity.” As Marriot’s director of work-life programs said, “you don’t manage people as a second class work force. They’re integral to the job, a part of the fabric of the company.”

36. More Forms of Support Evidence • Definitions • Quotations • Comparisons & Contrast • Simple Statement of Fact/Series of Facts

37. Required Tools for Outline-Conclusion • Review-Restate the road map • Briefly state the 2 or 3 Major points you just covered Restate thesis from Clarification step Final line-clincher

38. Final Thoughts… Practice, Practice, Practice • MUST practice to become familiar with outline, phrasing & development • Fake it! • NEVER say Thank you-the audience always thanks you!