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Mitosis/Cell Division Review

Explore the processes of mitosis and meiosis, including key stages like prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, and understand how they produce new cells with genetic diversity. Learn about the importance of genetic variation, sexual and asexual reproduction, and the implications of cancer in cell division.

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Mitosis/Cell Division Review

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  1. Mitosis/Cell Division Review

  2. A B C D E

  3. Meiosis • Produces gametes or sex cells (sperm and egg cells) • Occurs ONLY in the reproductive organs

  4. Products of Meiosis = 4 new cells AND Divides the chromosome number in half

  5. For Example: Parent Cell 4 daughter cells

  6. 2 Sets of Divisions 1st division is exactly like mitosis except sister chromatids stay together

  7. Before the 1st division takes place DNA MUST replicate

  8. Prophase I • Chromosomes condense • Homologous chromosomes pair together • Crossing over occurs

  9. Crossing Over

  10. Metaphase I • Homologous pairs are moved to the equator (middle) of the cell

  11. Anaphase I • Homologous pairs separate • Chromatids remain together • Genetic material has been recombined

  12. Telophase I • Chromosomes gather at poles • Cytoplasm divides

  13. 2nd DIVISION BEGINS DNA replication DOES NOT occur

  14. Prophase 2 • New spindles form around chromosomes • Crossing over – does not occur!

  15. Metaphase 2 • Chromosomes align along with equator (middle) of the cells

  16. Anaphase 2 • Sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) divide and move to opposite poles

  17. Telophase 2 • Chromosomes gather at the poles • Nuclear envelope forms and cytoplasm divides 4 new daughter cells, each genetically DIFFERENT, are formed and are all haploid

  18. Sexual Reproduction • Haploid cells join to make diploid cells • Increase in genetic variation • Leads to change or evolution

  19. Females: meiosis occurs before birth Each month, one egg is matured and released for possible fertilization Males: meiosis begins at puberty and continues until death

  20. Asexual Reproduction • Single parents pass genes to offspring • Clones • Prokaryotes, yeast, hydra • Faster to produce offspring, but no genetic variation

  21. GENETIC VARIATION • The chromosome a gamete will receive depends on the way it lines up at the equator Independent assortment

  22. The Importance • Lead to the evolution of a species • Increase survival

  23. CANCER • Cells have checkpoints to determine if they are healthy enough to divide • If those checkpoints are faulty, cells can divide and grow uncontrollable – can form a tumor and lead to cancer

  24. What’s the problem with more cells? 1.) Steal nutrients from healthy cells which eventually die

  25. 2.) Can travel from their original location • METASTASIZE

  26. Causes of Cancer • Exposure to chemicals or toxins • Radiation • Viruses • Your Own Genetics

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