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A Note on Somalia

A Note on Somalia. ECON 3510 June 12, 2014. Some History: A Timeline 9000 BC: earliest recorded habitation (cave paintings) 3000 BC: domestication of the camel 800 BC- 400 AD: trade role with Phoenicia, Ancient Egypt, Crete, Greece, Roman Empire 700 AD Muslim conquest of region;

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A Note on Somalia

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  1. A Note on Somalia ECON 3510 June 12, 2014

  2. Some History: A Timeline 9000 BC: earliest recorded habitation (cave paintings) 3000 BC: domestication of the camel 800 BC- 400 AD: trade role with Phoenicia, Ancient Egypt, Crete, Greece, Roman Empire 700 AD Muslim conquest of region; • Mogadishu becomes the major Muslim capital in the region • Trade role continued • Tolerance with Ethiopia maintained Series of Empires in the region

  3. 1885 Berlin Conference: • Italy awarded the region; • begin attempts at control and colonization • Somalis resist fiercely 1925, Italians invade; bitter conflict, 1927 victory • British take “Somaliland” in north, after conflict; • French awarded Djibouti 1940: Italians conquer British Somaliland 1941: British defeat Italians • British “martial law” to 1945; 1949-1959: 10 year Trusteeship to Italy • Prosperity in the 1950s 1960 Independence

  4. 1960 Independence Problem Issues: • North-South divide; • Ogaden issue with Ethiopia • Somali territory in Kenya • Language difficulties (English. Italian. Somali dialects plus numerous scripts for Somali language) Cold War Complications: • Links with Russia and China

  5. 1968: Coup d’Etat; Siad Barre takes presidency • ”Supreme Revolutionary Council” • “Scientific Socialism” combining Marx and Islam; • Personality cult • Language reform

  6. 1977: Ogaden War with Ethiopia • Somalia over-ran Ogaden desert • USSR switched sides; Soviet, Cuban & N. Korean Assistance support Ethiopian re-capture of Ogaden; • USA supported Somalia 1970 to 1990: serious economic problems • Due to war and policy stupidities • Barre lost any support;

  7. 1980s: civil conflict 1991:Barre overthrown; Somaliland declared Independence; 1993: UN Peacekeeping force established To support provision of humanitarian aid 1995“Black Hawk Down”, Battle of Mogadishu US and UN leave Somalia

  8. 1998: Puntland declared independence 2002: Southwestern Somaliland declared “autonomy” 1981-2006: Collapse of Centralized Governmental Authority 2006-2011: “Islamic Courts Union” or ICU takes control • “Sharia law”…..

  9. 2008-June 2009: “Transitional Federal Parliament” • TFP control: limited area shrinking to Mogadishu by 2009 • 2008-Jan 2009: Ethiopian Army invades to support TFP • African Union send peacekeepers (Ghana and Burundi) June 2009: TFP appears to be in desperation, with only weeks left to survive Shabab poised to take power? 1990-2014: Somalia essentially without a government

  10. Basic Information on Somalia Note: Most information is not available for Somalia. Here is some of what is available. Population: 9.1 million (2012) Population Growth Rate: 2.8 % per annum (Doubling every 25 years) Fertility Rate (2007) 6.8 children per woman Maternal Mortality: 1,400 per 100,000 live births African average: 900 Life Expectancy: 48 years (2007) Official Development Assistance (2005): $US 236.4 million ODA per capita: $US 28.7 No. 1 on the “Failed States Index” for five years running

  11. Economy during the Civil Chaos • OK in the north (Somaliland) • Continuing disruption in the south • Continues clicking over; Informal economy completely; • Current Dependence on Food Aid to prevent death from famine; • Major cash infusions from ransoms and remittances

  12. 2011-2012: famine in Somalia plus NE areas of Kenya and Ogaden region of Ethiopia • 3.5 million at risk; • El Shabab prohibited UN and other and providers to enter the stricken areas • Early warning signs for famine again present

  13. Nutritional Situation February 2014,

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