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Section 4-5 What is the future of evolution?

Section 4-5 What is the future of evolution?. Genetic Engineering. Artificial Selection and Genetic Engineering. Artificial Selection: to change (selectively manipulate) the genetic characteristics of populations of a species.

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Section 4-5 What is the future of evolution?

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  1. Section 4-5What is the future of evolution? Genetic Engineering

  2. Artificial Selection and Genetic Engineering • Artificial Selection: to change (selectively manipulate) the genetic characteristics of populations of a species. • Artificial selection has led to food crops with higher yields, cows that produce more milk, variation in pets and livestock. • Ex: corn, most “breeds” of dog and cat Ragdoll: persian & himalayan Bullmastiff: bulldog and english mastiff

  3. Genetic Engineering • Gene splicing: isolating, modifying, multiplying, and recombining genes from different organisms. • Why is it useful? • This allows scientists to place desired genetic traits into species of plants and animals that would never interbreed in nature. THESE ARE NOT ACTUAL ANIMALS! Images borrowed from “Worth1000” website

  4. Genetic Engineering:PHASE 1 Phase 1 Make Modified Gene E. coli Cell Genetically modified plasmid Extract plasmid Extract DNA plasmid DNA Gene of interest Identify and extract gene with desired trait Identify and remove portion of DNA with desired trait Remove plasmid from DNA of E. coli Insert extracted DNA (step 2) into plasmid (step3) Insert modified plasmid into E. coli Grow in tissue culture to make copies Fig. 4-11, p. 75

  5. Genetic Engineering:PHASE 2 Phase 2 Make Transgenic Cell A. tumefaciens (agrobacterium) Foreign DNA E. coli Host DNA Nucleus Transfer plasmid copies to a carrier agrobacterium Agrobacterium inserts foreign DNA into plant cell to yield transgenic cell Transfer plasmid to surface microscopic metal particle Use gene gun to inject DNA into plant cell Fig. 4-11, p. 75

  6. Genetic Engineering: PHASE 3 Phase 3 Grow Genetically Engineered Plant Transgenic cell from Phase 2 Cell division of transgenic cells Culture cells to form plantlets Transfer to soil Transgenic plants with new traits Fig. 4-11, p. 75

  7. GMO’S • Genetically modified organisms aka transgenic organisms: products of gene splicing. • Gene splicing takes about ½ the time of conventional crossbreeding to develop a new crop or animal and costs significantly less. • Products: crops, animals, drugs, pest-resistant plants, useful bacteria • Question: Does anyone use or know someone who uses insulin? • Question: Do you eat low cholesterol eggs? • Question: Did you know some fruits and veggies can be modified to carry vaccines? Benefits???

  8. GMO’S • Biopharming: plants and animals used to produce pharmaceutical proteins and chemicals. • As of 2002 plants have been engineered to produce a contraceptive, potent growth hormones, a blood clotter, blood thinners, industrial enzymes and vaccines. Corn is by far the most popular biopharm plant, followed by soybeans, tobacco and rice. Some 400 biopharm products are reportedly in the pipeline, and over 300 open-air field trials have already been conducted in unidentified locations across the United States.(1) 1 USDA Field Trial website. The Information Systems for Biotechnology website is run for the USDA by Virginia Tech University. See http://www.nbiap.vt.edu/cfdocs/fieldtests1.cfm.

  9. Clone • Genetically identical version of an individual in a population

  10. Recombinant DNA Technology or DNA Cloning • the transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid.

  11. Reproductive Cloning • Reproductive cloning is a technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal. Dolly was created by reproductive cloning technology. In a process called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" (SCNT), scientists transfer genetic material from the nucleus of a donor adult cell to an egg whose nucleus, and thus its genetic material, has been removed. The reconstructed egg containing the DNA from a donor cell must be treated with chemicals or electric current in order to stimulate cell division.

  12. Therapeutic Cloning • Therapeutic cloning, also called "embryo cloning," is the production of human embryos for use in research. The goal of this process is not to create cloned human beings, but rather to harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development and to treat disease.

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