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Unity and Expansion in 19th Century America

Explore how Americans fostered unity and identity in the early 19th century through expansion, treaties, settlers, and infrastructure development. Learn about key figures like President Monroe, Andrew Jackson, and Henry Clay, and the impact of transportation advancements like the American System, canals, and steamboats on economic growth and national cohesion.

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Unity and Expansion in 19th Century America

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  1. Essential Question: • How did Americans create a sense of unity and shared national identity in the early 19th Century? • Reading Quiz Chapter 12

  2. US Expansion in the “Era of Good Feelings” US Territorial & Economic Growth History Channel Video: Monroe

  3. US Expansion Under President Monroe

  4. Expansion and Migration No more naval conflicts in the Great Lakes • American attention shifted from Europe to the West after 1815 • Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)—US will not attempt to take Canada & Britain will not invade the US • Convention of 1818—the US/Canada border set at 49o Foreign policy dominated Jefferson’s & Madison’s administrations

  5. Extending the Boundaries • After the War of 1812, President James Monroe & Sec of State JQ Adams turned their attention to acquiring Spanish Florida • Andrew Jackson took it upon himself to end Indian attacks on Georgia from Spanish Florida • Jackson’s military advances helped force Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) that ceded Florida & Oregon to US Also, Spain assumed Florida would eventually be annexed US agreed to pay Spain $5 million & renounced claims to Texas

  6. North America, 1819 Convention of 1818 Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

  7. Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi • Settlers poured into Louisiana: • By 1810, 1/7 of the US pop lived in West; by 1840 over 1/3 • 8 new states were added to US • Indian removal began in the NW but was very hard in the South • Speculators sold land to settlers on credit; Many farmers quickly became in debt 5 Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, Choctaw)

  8. Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi • Many families settled in West to escape overpopulation, rising land prices, worn-out soil in the East • Settlers brought culture with them: • New Englanders brought their Puritan values & their schools • Southerners brought their sense of honor & individualism • Self-sufficiency was important, but cooperation & strong community was necessary for survival

  9. A Revolution in Transportation

  10. Henry Clay’s American System Henry Clay: “war hawk”, father of the American System, founder of the Whigs, “Great Compromiser” in 1820 & 1850, Southern supporter of nullification, presidential candidate President Monroe’s support signaled a shift among Dem-Reps from agrarianism to a stronger role of the federal gov’t in promoting the economy • After the War of 1812, political leaders recognized the need the need to improve the country’s primitive transportation network • In 1815, Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, proposed the American System to promote national economic development

  11. Henry Clay’s American System All were proposed by Hamilton & opposed by Dem-Reps in the 1790s 1st significant protective tariff in US history Jefferson let the charter of the 1st BUS expire in 1811 • Henry Clay’s American System proposed: • Create the 2nd Bank of the US in 1816 to regulate currency • Tariff of 1816 to protect & promote US industrialization • Nat’l system of roads & canals • The American System helped unify North, South, & West But Monroe refused to allow federal money to pay for new roads & canals Helped pave the way for future RR construction & western Indian removal

  12. A Revolution in Transportation Connected Cumberland, MD & Wheeling, VA • In response to Henry Clay’s American System proposal: • National Road became the 1st federal transportation project • Thousands of private turnpikes were built by entrepreneurs • Roads were useful but they did not meet the demand for low-cost, over-land transportation

  13. First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

  14. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

  15. Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s

  16. Roads and Steamboats • The Mississippi & Ohio Rivers helped farmers get their goods to the East but there was no way to get manufactured goods to the West • By 1811, steamboats provided upstream transportation with reduce costs, increased speeds, & free-flow of manufactured goods into the West

  17. The Canal Boom • The Erie Canal (1825) provided the 1st link between East & West: • Canals cut shipping costs BY 90% for western farmers & eastern manufacturers • Steamboats helped reduce shipping costs & stimulated commercial agriculture • Other states built canals also The Erie Canal made New York City the commercial capital of the US

  18. Erie Canal System

  19. Principal Canals in 1840

  20. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat The Clermont

  21. Inland Freight Rates

  22. Clipper Ships & Overseas Trade

  23. The Emergence of a Market Economy

  24. Rise of Commercial Agriculture • Lower transportation costs led to greater income for farmers & specialized, staple-crop farms: • Ohio, NY, & PA: wheat • South: tobacco, rice, & cotton • Cotton began to boom due to an increase in textile production, the cotton gin, slavery, & the South’s water system The new “king crop”

  25. Commerce and Banking • Early on, farmers marketed their own goods & used intermediaries to get crops to market • But, new commercial farming created a system of long-distance marketing based on credit • Led to creation of the 2nd Bank of the US which opened in 1816 Bank’s easy credit sparked a depression in 1819 & 1837

  26. Early Industrialism • In 1815, 2/3 of US clothing was made by women at home via the “putting out” system • By 1840, US textile manufacturing grew, especially in New England • The most famous was Lowell’s Boston Manufacturing Company • Still, only 9% of the population was involved in manufacturing “Cottage Industry” Brought families extra income

  27. Early Textile Loom Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory System”)

  28. The Lowell/Waltham System:First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Lowell Boarding Houses Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

  29. Lowell Girls What was their typical “profile?”

  30. New England Dominance in Textiles

  31. End of the “Era of Good Feelings” • Despite economic & territorial growth, the “Era of Good Feelings” was poorly named: • America’s one-party system led to factions among Republicans • Lingering hostility with England led to war • Slavery revealed sectional disputes between North & South

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