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Essential Question : How did Americans create a sense of unity and shared national identity in the early 19 th Century? Reading Quiz Chapter 12. US Expansion in the “Era of Good Feelings”. US Territorial & Economic Growth History Channel Video: Monroe.
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Essential Question: • How did Americans create a sense of unity and shared national identity in the early 19th Century? • Reading Quiz Chapter 12
US Expansion in the “Era of Good Feelings” US Territorial & Economic Growth History Channel Video: Monroe
Expansion and Migration No more naval conflicts in the Great Lakes • American attention shifted from Europe to the West after 1815 • Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)—US will not attempt to take Canada & Britain will not invade the US • Convention of 1818—the US/Canada border set at 49o Foreign policy dominated Jefferson’s & Madison’s administrations
Extending the Boundaries • After the War of 1812, President James Monroe & Sec of State JQ Adams turned their attention to acquiring Spanish Florida • Andrew Jackson took it upon himself to end Indian attacks on Georgia from Spanish Florida • Jackson’s military advances helped force Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) that ceded Florida & Oregon to US Also, Spain assumed Florida would eventually be annexed US agreed to pay Spain $5 million & renounced claims to Texas
North America, 1819 Convention of 1818 Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi • Settlers poured into Louisiana: • By 1810, 1/7 of the US pop lived in West; by 1840 over 1/3 • 8 new states were added to US • Indian removal began in the NW but was very hard in the South • Speculators sold land to settlers on credit; Many farmers quickly became in debt 5 Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, Choctaw)
Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi • Many families settled in West to escape overpopulation, rising land prices, worn-out soil in the East • Settlers brought culture with them: • New Englanders brought their Puritan values & their schools • Southerners brought their sense of honor & individualism • Self-sufficiency was important, but cooperation & strong community was necessary for survival
Henry Clay’s American System Henry Clay: “war hawk”, father of the American System, founder of the Whigs, “Great Compromiser” in 1820 & 1850, Southern supporter of nullification, presidential candidate President Monroe’s support signaled a shift among Dem-Reps from agrarianism to a stronger role of the federal gov’t in promoting the economy • After the War of 1812, political leaders recognized the need the need to improve the country’s primitive transportation network • In 1815, Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, proposed the American System to promote national economic development
Henry Clay’s American System All were proposed by Hamilton & opposed by Dem-Reps in the 1790s 1st significant protective tariff in US history Jefferson let the charter of the 1st BUS expire in 1811 • Henry Clay’s American System proposed: • Create the 2nd Bank of the US in 1816 to regulate currency • Tariff of 1816 to protect & promote US industrialization • Nat’l system of roads & canals • The American System helped unify North, South, & West But Monroe refused to allow federal money to pay for new roads & canals Helped pave the way for future RR construction & western Indian removal
A Revolution in Transportation Connected Cumberland, MD & Wheeling, VA • In response to Henry Clay’s American System proposal: • National Road became the 1st federal transportation project • Thousands of private turnpikes were built by entrepreneurs • Roads were useful but they did not meet the demand for low-cost, over-land transportation
First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.
Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s
Roads and Steamboats • The Mississippi & Ohio Rivers helped farmers get their goods to the East but there was no way to get manufactured goods to the West • By 1811, steamboats provided upstream transportation with reduce costs, increased speeds, & free-flow of manufactured goods into the West
The Canal Boom • The Erie Canal (1825) provided the 1st link between East & West: • Canals cut shipping costs BY 90% for western farmers & eastern manufacturers • Steamboats helped reduce shipping costs & stimulated commercial agriculture • Other states built canals also The Erie Canal made New York City the commercial capital of the US
Robert Fulton & the Steamboat The Clermont
Rise of Commercial Agriculture • Lower transportation costs led to greater income for farmers & specialized, staple-crop farms: • Ohio, NY, & PA: wheat • South: tobacco, rice, & cotton • Cotton began to boom due to an increase in textile production, the cotton gin, slavery, & the South’s water system The new “king crop”
Commerce and Banking • Early on, farmers marketed their own goods & used intermediaries to get crops to market • But, new commercial farming created a system of long-distance marketing based on credit • Led to creation of the 2nd Bank of the US which opened in 1816 Bank’s easy credit sparked a depression in 1819 & 1837
Early Industrialism • In 1815, 2/3 of US clothing was made by women at home via the “putting out” system • By 1840, US textile manufacturing grew, especially in New England • The most famous was Lowell’s Boston Manufacturing Company • Still, only 9% of the population was involved in manufacturing “Cottage Industry” Brought families extra income
Early Textile Loom Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory System”)
The Lowell/Waltham System:First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Lowell Boarding Houses Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814
Lowell Girls What was their typical “profile?”
End of the “Era of Good Feelings” • Despite economic & territorial growth, the “Era of Good Feelings” was poorly named: • America’s one-party system led to factions among Republicans • Lingering hostility with England led to war • Slavery revealed sectional disputes between North & South
