The Animal Kingdom

1. The Animal Kingdom An Overview

2. How many organisms are there in the world?

3. 1.5 million known species on earth • 250,000 plants • 750,000 insects • 43,000 vertebrates • 4200 mammals • 9000 birds • 6300 reptiles • 4200 amphibians • 18,000 bony fishes • 900 cartilaginous fishes and jawless fishes

4. Classification System • Why classify organisms? • Method of organizing creatures into some meaningful pattern • Current method uses similar shared observable characteristics that are unique to that group of organisms (phenetic scheme)

5. What do these animals have in common? Why classify bats and hummingbirds together but not include dragonflies?

6. Classification System • 5 Kingdom System • Monera • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

7. Kingdoms • Shared characteristics among Kingdoms • All are made up of cells • All have DNA with the same genetic code

8. KPCOFGS • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

9. What are species? • What are genera? • What are kingdoms?

10. What are Species? • Interbreeding organisms that do not ordinarily breed with members of other groups Pinyon mouse, Peromyscus truei

11. Pinyon mouse, Peromyscus truei Deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus What are Genera? • An inclusive group of similar species, usually with anatomical similarities Genus = Peromyscus

12. What are Kingdoms? • Major unit of biological classification

13. KPCOFGS • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

14. KPCOFGS • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Chordata • Class: Aves • Order: Passeriformes • Family: Corvidae • Genus: Corvus • Species: brachyrhynchos

15. American crow • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Chordata (with backbones) • Class: Aves (birds) • Order: Passeriformes (songbirds) • Family: Corvidae (crows, jays) • Genus: Corvus • Species: brachyrhynchos

16. Corvus brachyrhynchusWhy Latin? • “Dead” language – no changes being made; it is not in use today • Common names are often shared among several species; may differ from region to region; may not be understood in different cultures • Assures a unique name for each species

17. Lasionycteris noctivagans • Nocti = nocturnal • Vagans = wanderer • Nyct = night, nocturnal • Lasio = ?? • “wanderer at night” Silver-haired bat

18. KPCOFGS Acronym? • Develop an acronym to remember how to classify an organism.

19. KPCOFGS Acronym: • Kings Play Chess On Fine Grain Sand

20. Classification System • 5 Kingdom System • Monera • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

21. Differences among Kingdoms • Monera: Prokaryotic cell structure • Protista: Eukaryotic cells, unicellular • Fungi: Eukaryotic cells, chitinous cell wall, no chloroplasts, multicellular, heterotrophic • Plantae: Eukaryotic cells, cell wall, cellulose, chloroplasts, multicellular, autotrophic • Animalia: Eukaryotic cells, no cell wall, multicellular

22. Fill in the diagram

23. Kingdom Overview • Monera • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

24. Kingdom Monera

25. fossil cyanobacteria Monera • Among the first forms of life over 3.5 billion years ago • Cyanobacteria contributed to formation of our oxygen atmosphere by photosynthesis. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/cyanofr.html

26. Nostoc (cyanobacterium) Kingdom Monera • Include eubacteria and archaebacteria (?) • Most abundant/diverse kingdom • Prokaryotic organisms • ONLY KINGDOM lacking an organized nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

27. Monera • Eubacteria (“True bacteria”) have 3 methods of energy acquisition • Chemosynthetic bacteria: autotrophic, obtain energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds (ammonia, sulfur) • Photosynthetic bacteria: autotrophic, obtain energy from sunlight and convert to carbohydrate energy • Heterotrophic bacteria: saprophytes and symbionts

28. Monera • Archea • Oldest and most primitive organisms known • Life’s extremists, occupying environments that “normal” organisms find too harsh • 3 types • methanogens, halophiles, thermacidophiles • thermacidophile example: lives in heated acid springs, mud pots, soil and can take temps of 60 to 95 C and pH of 1 to 5.

29. Spirulina Monera – Roles in Ecosystem • Can cause disease • Lyme disease, strep throat, syphilis • Photosynthesis and oxygen production • Food source • Nutrient transfer • (convert inert N to organic forms useable by plants) • Decomposition • Saprophytic (decompose dead tissue) • Symbiotic (live within a host multicellular organism) • Some oil deposits attributed to cyanobacteria

30. Kingdom Protista

31. Protista • Protozoans and mostly unicellular algae • Heterotrophic and autotrophic • Occur in freshwater, saltwater, soil • Because of tremendous diversity, classification of the Protista is difficult. paramecium

32. Protista • Protozoa • Single-celled, motile, heterotrophic • Digest food by engulfing, breaking down, and absorbing it • Algae • Single-celled to colonial • Diatoms, golden brown algae, dinoflagellates, red algae, brown algae, green algae • Subdivided by type of photosynthetic pigment • Slime molds?? • Eukaryotes that are NOT fungi, animals, or plants!

33. http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_3.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_3.html

34. Protista – Roles in Ecosystem • Photosynthesis and oxygen production • Food source (brown, red, green algae) • Animal feed, fertilizers • Algae sheets used in some Japanese dishes • Additive to puddings, ice cream, salad dressing, candy (carrageenan and alginate) • Can cause disease • Avian malaria, human malaria, amoebic dysentery

35. Protista and Red Tides • Population explosion of dinoflagellates • Neurotoxin released • Shellfish concentrate toxin • Humans can be killed by eating shellfish contaminated by toxin http://www.redtide.whoi.edu/hab/rtphotos/noctiluca.jpg

37. Kingdom Fungi

38. Fungi • Mushrooms, blights, rusts, molds • >60,000 species • Heterotrophic • Chitinous cell wall • Symbiotic • 2 or more organisms live together in close association • Mostly multicellular • Yeasts are unicellular

39. Fungi 4 taxonomic divisions: • Zygomycota (<1000 species) • Ascomycota (30,000 species: yeasts and fungi) • Basidiomycota (mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs) • Deuteromycota http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/forsite/Paul/paul1.htm

40. Fungi • Hyphae = filaments make up the body of a fungus • Collectively, hyphae are called mycelium • Cell walls contain chitin • Absorptive heterotrophs • Break down food by secreting digestive enzymes onto substrate then absorbing food molecules • Hyphae have small volume, large surface area so enhance absorptive capacity

41. American chestnut, late 1800s Fungi – Roles in Ecosystem • Food source • Mushrooms, truffles, morels • Fungal colonies in cheeses give them their flavor • Beer and wine produced with yeasts • Antibiotics • Crop parasites • Cause loss of food plants, spoilage, infectious disease • Claviceps purpurea causes a crop disease called wild ergot (natural source for LSD) • Dutch elm disease and Chestnut blight Claviceps purpurea

42. Benefit wildlife • Food, nest sites, hiding cover Caribou feeding on lichens

43. Fungi – Roles in Ecosystem • Symbiosis - mutualism • Lichens (fungus+alga) • Mycorrhizae Lichen Mycorrhizal fungi

44. Mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants

45. Effects of mycorrhizal fungi on trees http://www.mycorrhizae.com/pine-outplant-study.php

47. Kingdom Plantae

48. Plants • >300,000 known species • Multicellular phototrophs • Cell wall with cellulose • 2 groups • Nonvascular (liverworts, hornworts, and mosses) • Vascular (common plants like pines, ferns, corn, and oaks)

49. Plants • Nonvascular plants • Small (lack of conducting cells keeps them <5” high) • First evolved approximately 500 million years ago, likely were the earliest land plants • Vascular plants • Have specialized transporting cells • Xylem (for transporting water and mineral nutrients • Phloem (for transporting sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant) http://waynesword.palomar.edu/bryoph1.htm