The Animal Kingdom

1. The Animal Kingdom Invertebrates & Vertebrates www.the-directory.org/index.php?cPath=2

2. The animal kingdom is very diverse. • The simplest animals lack a mouth, organ systems like a nervous or digestive system & have no body cavity. • More complex animals have specialized organs, skeletal systems & complex behaviors.

3. Name an animal: • How many of you named an invertebrate animal? • Invertebrates- • do not have a backbone • more than 95% of all animal species • Vertebrates- • an animal with a backbone.

4. Consider the following animals: • sponge, • tapeworm, • liver fluke • clam, • earthworm, • snail, • squid, • starfish, • shark, • elephant Think about how each of these animals eats. Which are carnivores? Herbivores? Parasites?

5. Characteristics of Animals Most members of the animal kingdom share these 4 Important characteristics: 1. Multicellular, no cell walls 2. Heterotrophic 3. Sexual reproduction is common 4. Mobile (at least part of life cycle)

6. Multicellular: many specialized cells with no cell walls. (for example- adult humans have ~ 50-100 trillion cells) • Specialization- is the evolutionary adaptation of a cell for a particular function. • Cell- Tissue- Organ-organ system- Organism http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/img/bicelltissueorgan.gif http://millville.sps.edu/allaccess/divisions/science/jdonnelly/Cell%20Page_files/04-05A-AnimalCell-L.jpg

7. Heterotropy-must obtain organic molecules from other sources, most animals Ingest& Digest food. • Sexual Reproduction • Most animals produce a Zygotefrom 2 haploid gametes. • Some animals also reproduce asexually (Budding, Regeneration, Parthenogenesis, etc)

8. Motility-Most animals movefor at least part of their life cycle. • Due to 2 tissues- nervous & muscle tissues • Example: coordination between nervous & muscle tissue needed for predator (bat) to catch its prey (mosquito) http://www.medicinebeeherbals.com/images/leaf-nosed-bat.jpg

9. Pattern of Symmetrydescribes the body plan of an animal • Asymmetry- no pattern • (corals, sponges) • Radial Symmetry - shaped like a wheel (starfish, hydra, jellyfish) • Bilateral Symmetry -has a right & left side (worms, humans, insects, beetles, cats, elephants) http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/notes-chap28.html

10. Major Animal Phyla • Invertebrates: • Porifera(sponges) • Cnidaria(jellyfish ,coral) • Platyhelminthes (flatworms-planarian, tapeworm, flukes) • Nematoda(roundworms- many parastic) • Annelida(segmented worms- earthworms, leeches) • Mollusca(soft bodies-snails, clams, squid, octopi) • Arthropoda • arachnids, (spiders, mites & ticks) • Crusteceans (shrimp, lobster, crab, daphnia, crayfish) • myriapoda (centipedes & millipedes) • Insects ( ladybugs, beetles, ants, flies, moths, stink bugs) • Echinoderms–starfish, sea stars. Sea urchins

11. Phylum Porifera (sponges) http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/InvertZoo/LecPorifera/PoriVarietyp.gif

12. Phylum Cnidarian(jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone) http://thundafunda.com/33/underwater-animals-fish/Drifters,% 20Jellyfish%20pictures%20underwater%20photos.jpg http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3290/2415983685_fdf23a1b17.jpg http://www.valdosta.edu/~jlgoble/Sea%20Anemone%20Diadumene%20Dia%2030cm%201.JPG

13. PhylumPlatyhelminthes (flatworms like planarian, flukes & tapeworms) http://www.ndpteachers.org/perit/Tapeworm%5B1%5D.JPG http://piclib.nhm.ac.uk/piclib/webimages/0/33000/400/33444_med.jpg http://researchdata.museum.vic.gov.au/marine/images/A17912R1.jpg

14. Phylum Nematoda (round worms) A parasitic round worm: About 20,000 people each year die of this large round worm infection when It gets so numerous that their organs burst. http://www.okawvetclinic.com/sites/site-2547/images/771356b4-7f00-0001-2d02-8dcb3b22dc29.jpg

15. Phylum AnnelidaSegmented worms:Annelids means little rings (many body segments). • Earthworm • Bristle worms • Leeches http://www.ync.ca/bronze%20level%20guide/earthworm.jpg http://yhsbiology.wikispaces.com/file/view/Bristle_worm.jpg/48671939/Bristle_worm.jpg

16. Mollusks: Snails, slugs Clams, Squid. Octopus static.blogr.com www.math.tamu.edu http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conch http://www.americanaquariumproducts.com/images/graphics/octopus.jpg

17. Arthropods(Includes: millipedes, crustaceans like crayfish, arachnids like spiders, insects like ladybugs, beetles, ) The largest animal phyla: “The real rulers of the Earth” http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/arthropoda.html http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0_0/arthropods_intro_01

18. Echinoderms http://ourkidsnews.com/newssite/images/stories/users/starfish.jpg

19. The next & Last phylum is Chordata • There are 2 invertebrate chordates: • Lancelet & Tunicates • But – all the Rest of animals in Chordata are vertebrate classes

20. Vertebrate: classes • 5 classes of Fish: • Myxini- (Hagfishes -“slime eels”) • Cephalaspidomorphi (Lampreys parasites) • Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous - sharks, rays, skates) • Ray-finned fishes • Lobe-Finned Fishes • Amphibia-(land & water-frogs, toads, salamanders) • Reptilia- (watertight skin- snakes, alligators, turtles, lizards) • Aves –Birds- have FEATHERS • Mammalia (fur & milk (orders of mammals) -Monotremes -Marsupials -Placental mammals

21. 5 classes of fish • Myxini • Cephalaspidomorphi • Chondrichthyes • Actinopterygii • Sarcopterygii www.mantarayinn.com www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/far/12588.html http://www.ryanphotographic.com/chordates.htm

22. Class:Amphibia “Amphibian” means "double life” -adults live on land, but their soft eggs must be laid in the water.

23. Amphibians: have moist skin- that they breath through(tadpoles have gills/ adults have lungs)

24. Frog and toad speciesdistinctive call to attract females . • Click here to see & hear common northern USA frogs & toads • (remember not to go thru firefox) http://dnr.wi.gov/org/caer/ce/eek/critter/amphibian/frogident.htm

25. Class Reptiliawater tight skin with amniotic eggs Chapter 41 http://www.thebigzoo.com/animals/zoom/Varanus_komodoensis_001.asp

26. How are Reptiles different than amphibians? • Watertight skin- • Can live in dry areas (although some are aquatic) • do not breathe through skin (like amphibians) • The amniotic egg • layers of membranes -with shell • can lay on dry ground • Efficient respiration & excretion • Lungs, 3 or 4 chambered heart • Some can go their entire life without drinking (desert tortoises & lizards)

27. Birdsclass “Aves” The only animals with feathers

28. 3 types feathers Downy Contour Flight http://www.kidwings.com/bodyparts/feathers/types/index.htm

29. Class: Mammalia Monotreme species: Only 5 living: duck-billed platypus & 4 species of echidna (spiny anteaters). Placental mammals 4000 described species, mostly rodents and bats Marsupial mammals http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mammal.html

30. There are 3 different kinds of mammals based on how they give birth: • Monotremesare oviparous,they layeggs. 2. Marsupials are viviparous, they give birth to live young that further develop within a pouch on the mother’s body. 3. Placental mammals also viviparous, but the fetus typically develops within the mother’s reproductive system for a longer time & receives nourishment through blood-rich structure- the placenta.

31. Mammalian characteristics All mammals have the following six major characteristics: 1. Endothermy 2. Hair 3. Completely divided heart 4. Milk/ mammary glands. 5. Single jawbone 6. Specialized teeth

32. History of Mammals- Phylogenetic Diagram of Higher Vertebrates

33. Some Definitions • Dorsal -back • Ventral-abdomen • Anterior -head end • Posterior-tail end • Cephalization(means it has a HEAD!) – it’s a concentration of brain & sensory structures in anterior end. (Common in bilaterally symmetrical animals.)

34. What are the types of body support? • Some invertebrates have no skeletal system & rely on water for support 2. Exoskeleton – some invertebrates like arthropods - must be shed.- does not grow - made of Chitin 3. Endoskeleton- - All vertebrates - grows with the organism - made of cartilage & bone

35. Segmentation • Is a series of repeating units in the body. • Invertebrates & Vertebrates • Invertebrates: earthworm, arthropods • All vertebrates: Vertebrae- are the repeating bony units of the backbone • YOU are a segmented animal

36. Example animals:We will be dissecting these: • Invertebrate: • earthworm (Phylum Annelida, class Oligochaeta) • Vertebrate: • frog(Phylum Chordata, class Amphibia)

37. Lumbricus terrestristhe Common Earthworm Kingdom: Animal Phylum:Annelida Class: Oligochaeta Order:Haplotaxida Family:Lumbricidae Genus: Lumbricus Species terrestris www.separationsnow.com

38. Earthworms Feeding /Digestion Ingest soil as they burrow through it. • Soil is moved through these structures: • mouth • pharynx • esophagus • crop • gizzard • intestine • anus • Earthworms play an important role in the condition of soil.

39. Closed circulatory system. • “Heart” is 5 aortic arches • Also- have large dorsal blood vessel • pump blood through the vessels of the body Respiration and Excretion • Oxygen & CO2 diffuse through moist skin, • Cellular wastes and excess water are excreted through nephridia. Neural Control • Consists of a chain of ganglia connected by a ventral nerve cord.

40. Earthworm Reproduction • Earthworms are Hermaphrodites, • Meaning that each individual has both male & female reproductive organs. • However- an individual worm cannot fertilize its own eggs. • During mating, earthworms press their ventral surfaces together. • Held together by their setae and by a film of mucus secreted by each worm’s clitellum. • Fertilization occurs inside the tube, which forms a protective case for the young worms.

41. You need to know the parts of the earthworm for the test!!!

42. Earthworm diagrams

43. Things to know from the earthworm dissection: • The parts of the earthworm digestive tract in order: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine, anus • That the earthworm has a closed circulatory system:the “hearts” are 5 Aortic Arches. • Earthworms arehermaphrodites:they have both male & female parts in the same organism • Earthworms are segmented animals- have repeating body sections. • They move with circular & longitudinal muscles • They are adapted to their diet of eating soil by having a long digestive tract- especially the intestine for removing nutrients from the dirt.

44. The following is Information for Frog dissection

45. Frog (Amphibian) Systems A Skin- no scales, moist, slimy, part of respiratory system B. Skeleton- supports body against pull of gravity C. Circulatory-3 chambered heart, 2 circuit system D. Respiratory – larvae (gills & skin) adult (lungs & skin) E. Digestive – large elastic esophagus & stomach- for carnivores swallowing food whole. See parts. F. Excretory- in adult- kidney; ammonia (which is secreted as waste in fish & amphibian larva) istransformed to urea G. Nervous- 4 lobes & sensory organs H. Reproduction- depend on water, most external fertilization, metamorphosis.

46. Digestive System • Parts include: • Pharynx, • Esophagus • Stomach • Small intestine • Large intestine • Cloaca • Waste materials are stored in the cloaca and exit the body through the vent.

47. Frog Internal Anatomy