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Chapter 3 Blood

Chapter 3 Blood. Section 1 Blood components and its properties. Functions of blood 1. Place of exchange of substances between interstitial fluid and external environment 2. Transport 3. Buffer function 4. To keep body temperature relatively constant 5. Hemostasis

gwendolyn-hoffman
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Chapter 3 Blood

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  1. Chapter 3 Blood Section 1 Blood components and its properties

  2. Functions of blood 1. Place of exchange of substances between interstitial fluid and external environment 2. Transport 3. Buffer function 4. To keep body temperature relatively constant 5. Hemostasis 6. Defense function

  3. 1. Components of blood plasma blood cells: red blood cells (erythrocytes) white blood cells platelets Blood volume: 70-80ml/Kg, 7-8% of body weight

  4. Hematocrit men is about 40～50%, women is about 37～48%.

  5. 2. Physical and chemical propertiesof blood (1) Specific gravity blood: 1.050～1.060. RBC number plasma: 1.025～1.030. Content of plasma proteins RBC:1.090 ～1.092. hemoglobin

  6. (2) ViscosityViscosity of plasma is 1.2-1.3 times that of water, viscosity of whole blood is 2.4 times of plasma.

  7. Factors of affecting viscosity a. hemotocrit

  8. b. Shear rate Shear is a ratio of velocity difference of adjacent layers to distance between two fluid layers in laminar flow.

  9. (3)plasma osmolality — 313 mOsm/Kg H20. 1 gram mole of non-ionizable substance is equal to 1 osmole. If a substance ionizes into 2 ions, 0.5 gram mole of the substance equals 1 osmole.

  10. Osmotic pressure is determined by the number of particle, instead of the mass of the solute. The osmolal concentration of a solution is called its osmolality, expressed by osmoleperKg. H20.

  11. At 37℃, 1 osmolality will cause 19300 mmHg osmotic pressure.Plasmaosmolality is 0.313Osm /Kg. H20 0.313×19300 = 5330 mmHg

  12. Colloid osmotic pressure: maintain intra-and extracapillary water equilibrium Crystal osmotic pressure: maintain intra-and extracellular water equilibrium

  13. Isoosmotic solutionhyperosmotic solutionhypoosmotic solutionIsotonic solution

  14. 4. RBC fragility. 0.42% NaCl solution--begin hemolysis 0.35%NaCl solution--complete hemolysis 5. Plasma pH 7.35-7.45

  15. Section 2 Genesis of blood cells A. Genesis of blood cells (hemopoiesis)

  16. Section 3 Physiology of red blood cell 1. Number and shape of RBC. men, 5.0×1012 /L women 4.2×1012 /L Hemoglobin: men 150g/L women 140g/L Function of RBC: transport oxygen and carbon dioxide .

  17. 2. Physiologic characteristics of RBC • Permeability of RBC membrane (2) Flexibility of RBC

  18. (3) Suspension stability of RBC Rouleaux formation Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) men: 0-15mm/h woman: 0-20mm/h. ESR: fibrinogen, globulins, cholesterone ESR: albumin, lecithin.

  19. 3. Genesis and regulation of red blood cells CFU-GEMM BFU-E CFU-E Proerythroblast→ Basophil erythroblast →Polythromatophil erythroblast → Orthochromatic erythroblast → Reticulocyte → erythrocytes

  20. Maturation of red blood cell Vitamin B12 and folic acid are essential for the synthesis of DNA. Lack of either vitamin B12 or folic acid causes diminished DNA synthesis and consequently failure of nuclear maturation and division. Materials needed to production of RBC

  21. (1) Absorption of vitamin B12 Intrinsic factor combines with vitamin B12 in the following way: 1)The intrinsic factor binds to vitamin B12 2) intrinsic factor binds to specific receptor of ileal entocyte 3) Vitamin B12 is transported into blood. B12 binds to transcobalamine II bone marrow

  22. (2). Absorption of folic acid

  23. 蝶酰多谷氨酸Pteroypolyglutamate （PteGlun)蝶酰单谷氨酸pteroyglutamate (PteGlu)二氢叶酸还原酶dihydrofolate reductase刷毛缘水解酶Brush border hydrolase

  24. (3) Iron Required amount 20-30mg/d Absorb 1mg iron from iron-containing food. 95% of required iron is from iron recycling. Fe excreted—0.6mg, 0.7mg in menses

  25. Iron-deficiency anemia orMicrocytic hypochromic anemiaHemochromatosis

  26. 5. Regulation of RBC production CFU-GEMM BFU-ECFU-E Proerythroblast→ Basophil erythroblast →Polythromatophil erythroblast → Orthochromatic erythroblast → Reticulocyte → erythrocytes

  27. (1) Burst promoting activator (BPA) BFU-E BPA Go S

  28. (2) Deficiency oxygen increases the rate of RBC production. Erythropoietin(EPO): Glycoprotein. Site of formation of EPO: 80 to 90% EPO is formed in kidneys, remainder mainly in the liver. Effect of EPO on erythrogenesis.

  29. EPO stimulates production of proerythroblasts from hemopoietic stem cells in bone marrow. EPO causes these cells to pass more rapidly through different erythroblastic stages, speeding up production of new cells.

  30. 4. Destruction of red blood cells Life time 120 days Intravascular and extravascular Destruction. Hemolysis hemoglobin release Release iron bile pigment-bilirubin.

  31. C. Platelet Function: • Maintain integrity of vessel wall (2) Platelet activation and homeostasis

  32. Regulation of thrombocytopoiesisPlatelets are formed from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.normal value: 100 — 300X109/L.Half-life: 8 to 12 days.Receptor: Mpl, Proto-oncogen mplLigand: thrombopoietin TPOEffect: proloferation, differentiation, muturation and release

  33. Platelet contents: Densegranule: ADP, ATP, 5-HT, Ca2+ -granule: clotting factor, PDGF, fibrin- stabilizing factor, vW factor, fibrinogen contractile protein: Actin, myosin and thrombomsthenin

  34. Store of Ca2+ in endoplasmic reticulum Enzymes: synthesize PGs, phospholipase Membrane of platelets: glycoproteins, phospholipids, platelet factor 3 (PF3).

  35. Physical and chemical characteristics of platelets: Adhesion

  36. Aggregation agents: ADP, thrombin, collagen， thromboxane A2 Aggregation

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