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Biology Study Guide: Microscope, Food Webs, Growth Curves, Cell Functions

Learn about microscope parts & functions, energy pyramids in food webs, survivorship curves, population growth, and eucaryotic cell structures. Understand exponential & logistic growth, chemical energy processes in mitochondria & chloroplasts, and enzyme reactions.

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Biology Study Guide: Microscope, Food Webs, Growth Curves, Cell Functions

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  1. 2013 H/G Bio PAFE Review Study the parts of the microscope • Know the names • Know the functions

  2. Graphing • Make a scientific graph • DRY MIX • Label Axis with quantity and unit • Spread data out along each axis • Make a descriptive title

  3. Food Web

  4. Energy Pyramids • An Energy Pyramid is a diagram that compares energy used by producers, primary consumers, and other trophic levels. • Producers ALWAYS make up the bottom layer of the pyramid (they have the most energy). • Sections become progressively smaller as you go up the pyramid since the amount of usable energy sharply decreases. • RULE: As you move up the energy pyramid, the amount of available energy goes down.

  5. Survivorship Curves • A survivorship curve is a generalized diagram showing the number of surviving members over time from a measured set of births. • There are three types of curves: • 1. Type I Curve – Shows a life history common in large mammals, including humans. • There is a low level of infant mortality and they survive longer. • 2. Type II Curve – Organisms such as birds, small mammals, and some reptiles show a survivorship rate that is roughly equal at all ages of an organism’s life. • At all times they have an equal chance of dying. • 3. Type III Curve – Organisms with type III survivorship have a very high birth rate and also a very high infant mortality rate. • These are typically reptiles, amphibians and plants.

  6. Exponential Growth • When resources are unlimited, a population has the opportunity to grow rapidly. • Exponential Growth occurs when a population size increases dramatically over a period of time. • The resulting curve is called a J-Curve.

  7. Logistic Growth • Most populations face limited resource however and do not continue to grow rapidly. • Logistic Growth occurs when a population begins with a period of slow growth followed by a brief period of exponential growth before leveling off at a stable size. • The point at which the population reaches limited resources and STOPS growing is called Carrying Capacity. • The resulting curve is called an S-curve.

  8. Eucaryotic Cells: Typical Plant Cell

  9. Eucaryotic Cells: Typical Animal Cell

  10. Mitochondria Harvest Chemical Energy From Food

  11. Chloroplasts are double-membraned organelles which contain flattened membrane discs called thylakoids, which are arranged in stacks called grana. Surrounding the grana is a fluid called stroma.

  12. Energy in Cells:

  13. Fig. 8-15 Course of reaction without enzyme EA without enzyme EAwith enzyme is lower Reactants Free energy Course of reaction with enzyme ∆G is unaffected by enzyme Products Progress of the reaction

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