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Impacts of Industrialization. Industrialization. In England, making cotton cloth started, like many other things, as a cottage industry . New inventions created during the Industrial Revolution changed this. The creation of the flying shuttle by John Kay made weaving much faster.
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In England, making cotton cloth started, like many other things, as a cottage industry. New inventions created during the Industrial Revolution changed this. The creation of the flying shuttle by John Kaymade weaving much faster. In fact, cloth could be made faster than the people spinning thread that was needed to make cloth could keep up with. This created a demand for a new device to speed up the thread spinning process. Cotton
Flying Shuttle Loom
To keep pace with the speed with which cloth was being made after the invention of the flying shuttle, the spinning jenny was createdby James Hargreaves. This invention allowed multiple spools of thread to be spun at once. Soon thread had overtaken weaving once again and the demand for a faster method of weaving increased. Cotton
Therefore, to continue keeping pace, a way of weaving cloth faster became necessary. This was eventually found in the form of a water-powered loom. Edmund Cartwright developed a loom that was powered by pressure created using a water-wheel. Soon Cotton Mills, or cotton factories were spinning all along the banks of England’s rivers. Cotton
Waterframe • Waterframe machines provided power to the automation of the spinning process
Changes in the Textile Industry Spinning jenny Water Wheel Water Powered Loom Water frame As the demand for cloth grew, inventors came up with a series of remarkable inventions that revolutionized the British textile industry. Flying shuttle Factories - places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods.
New Technology IMPROVED IRON — Coal was used to produce iron, a material needed for construction of machines and steam engines. • The Darby family of England developed methods to produce better quality, less expensive iron.
For a time water power was king, but this came to an end when James Watt made modifications to the steam engine that allowed it to drive machinery. Steam engines allowed factories to move away from water, as they only required coal, which Great Britain had a large supply of to power them. The addition of steam engines to the British economy allowed the production of cotton cloth to skyrocket in the years following its mass adoption. Cotton & Coal
Watt’s Steam engine • The Steam engine revolutionized production, transportation, mining, and the building industries, by providing a reliable, “portable” source of power for the machines that do the work
1760 – 2.5 Million Pounds 1787 – 22 Million Pounds 1840 – 366 Million Pounds Cotton was Britain’s most valuable product. British cotton goods were sold everywhere in the world and were produced mainly in factories. The success of the steam engine, and the impact it had on the cotton industry, made coal production a top priority for the British, and they exploited their natural resources. In addition to coal, Britain’s vast iron ore deposits were mined to build something new. Cotton & Coal
Since they were powered by water, the machines needed to be located near streams and rivers. England’s first major demographic shift took place, as workers moved to mill towns all along England’s many rivers to find work. The workers brought their families with them and soon these small towns were growing in size. Demographic Shift
The Population Explosion • Famine • War • Disease • Stricter quarantine measures • The elimination of the black rat
Between 1750 and 1850, the population of Europe nearly doubled. This massive growth came as a result of the decline of diseases, better hygiene and sanitation, famine, better medical care, lower infant mortality, fewer wars and lower death rates. This was also a result of the increased food production that spread out from Great Britain after the Agricultural Revolution. The one major exception to this was the Irish Potato Famine (1845-1850). The Irish depended on the potato crop and when it experienced a fungus infestation nearly a million people died, and million emigrated, many to the United States. Growth of Population
Cities and towns in Europe grew dramatically during the first half of the 1800s (nineteenth century). By 1850, especially in Great Britain and Belgium, cities were becoming home to many industries. People moved from the country to the cities to find work. This massive demographic shift was called urbanization. Growth of Population
More and more people continued to move into cities during the later half of the 19th Century (1800s). In the Early 1850s, urban dwellers made up about 40% of the English, 15% of the French, 10% of the Prussian, and 5% of the Russia population. By 1890, those numbers had increased to 60% in England, 25% in France, 30% in Prussia, and 10% in Russia. As we have discussed before, these urban areas grew because jobs were there. People left the countryside to find jobs in factories and, later, the service trades and professions. The New Urban Environment
As urban areas became the most populated parts of nations, the society that lived within them changed as well. At the top of Europe was a new elite. Made up of about 5% of the population, it controlled 30-40% of the wealth. Members of the elite became leaders in the government and military. The Industrial Revolutions of the 1800s produced a new group of white-collar workers in the middle class. This group made up about 15% of society. The remaining 80% of the European population fell into the working class, or blue-collar workers. Mass Society
The Industrial Revolutions also caused millions of Europeans to move to other nations. It was not only the Irish that left Europe. As many as 55 million people left Europe for the United States and other nations of the Western Hemisphere. People emigrated for a variety of reasons, from better paying jobs, to more land to farm. The population of Europe shifted a great deal during this period, between leaving for other nations and shifting in demographics as people moved to cities. Emigration
The process of changing the methods things are produced, to factories instead of cottage industry is known as industrialization. In these factories, machines could run constantly, so workers began working in shifts. This changed peoples lives greatly, as workers learned to keep regular hours and do the same work over and over. (repetitive motion) The New Factories
Revolution in Transportation As production increased, entrepreneurs needed faster and cheaper methods of moving goods from place to place. Turnpikes, or toll roads, canals, stronger bridges, and upgraded harbors all improved transportation. The invention of the steam locomotive made possible the growth of railroads. Robert Fulton used the steam engine to power the first steamboat.
In 1804, the first steam locomotive ran an industrial line in Britain. In a short period of time, better locomotives were developed that could pull heavier loads at faster rates of speed. As locomotives improved, Britain laid down more and more track. Soon railroads were moving goods and resources efficiently Railroads
In 1830, the first public railway was opened. This train, the Rocket, that ran along this new track moved at the speed of 16 mph and carried people between the cities of Liverpool and Manchester in western England. By 1850 railroads were regularly achieving the (astounding speed of 50mph on a regular basis. Railroads
Due to industrialization, by the middle of the nineteenth century (the 1800s), Great Britain had become the world’s first and richest industrial nation. Great Britain alone produced one-half of all the coal and one-half of all the manufactured goods in the entire world. Europe The Industrial Revolution spread to the rest of Europe at different times and speeds. The first nations to industrialized on continental Europe were Belgium, France, and the German states, especially Prussia. In these countries, the government encouraged industrialization by paying for roads, canals, and railroads. The Spread of Industrialization
The industrial Revolution drastically changed the social life of Europe, and later the world. This was easiest to notice in the growth of cities and the emergence of two new social classes of people. The Industrial Middle Class The Industrial Working Class Social Impact in Europe
The Luddites “General Ned Ludd” and the “Army of Redressers”
Thomas Malthus 1766–1834 In An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) Population growth will outstrip food supply
David Ricardo 1772–1823 The “Iron Law of Wages” • Wages will tend to always be just enough for subsistence level
Jeremy Bentham 1748–1832 Utilitarianism: “The greatest good for the most people” or “The greatest good over the least pain”
Robert Owen1771–1858 • Utopian socialist • Founded New Lanark Mills in Scotland as a model cooperative factory • Many industrialists visited New Lanark, and a few adopted aspects of Owen’s cooperative
Capitalism - is an economic system based on industrial production and the free market. This shift toward capitalism created a new industrial middle class. This class made up the people who built the factories. We know the French term for the Middle Class already, the Bourgeoisie. Industrial Middle Class
People working in these early factories faced terrible working conditions. They worked 12-16 hour days, six days a week. There was no minimum wage and no job security. Conditions were worst in the cotton mills, which were hot, dirty, dusty, dangerous, and unhealthy. Conditions in the coal mines were also harsh. Cave-ins, explosions, and gas fumes were a way of life in the deep coal mines of the 1800s. Industrial Working Class
By 1830, women and children made up 2/3s of the cotton industry’s workforce in Britain. A reformer and former member of Parliament, Michael Sadler, published a report in 1833 detailing the horrible conditions of factory workers, especially children. His report led to the Factory Act of 1833, which was a British law that set age requirements and limited the number of hours a child could work. After this law passed, more and more women, who were paid half as much as men, filled the gaps left by children in the factories. Industrial Working Class
Free Market System (Capitalism) created byAdam Smithin his bookThe Wealth of Nations Individuals own/run businesses and determine what is produced, based upon the forces of Supply and Demand. Usually focuses on consumer goods. Little government control. (Laissez-Faire) Command System (Communism) created byKarl Marxin his bookThe Communist Manifesto Government owns/runs businesses and determines what is produced, based on the needs of the government. Usually focuses on industrial goods. Little attention paid to agriculture and consumer goods. Economic Systems Compared
Karl Marx’s Ideas… Karl Marx had many ideas… Capitalism is an unfair system where some people have (bourgeoisie) and some people have-not (proletariat). The proletariat should rise up and overthrow the government and establish their own government. “From each according to his ability, to each according to his work.”
