Effects of Industrialization

1. Effects of Industrialization Chapter 9 Section 2

2. Effects • Eventually led to a better quality of life • Plentiful jobs • Initially caused human suffering • Unhealthy working conditions • Air and water pollution • Ills of child labor • Rise in class tensions between workers and the middle class Pro Con

3. Urbanization • City building, and movement of people to cities • Cities were crowded • People had to live in small apartments

4. Living Conditions • No development plans, sanitary codes, or building codes existed • Lacked adequate housing, education and police protection • No drainage in streets • No garbage collection • Workers lived in dark, dirty places with entire families crowded into one bedroom • Sickness, disease outbreaks, and epidemics • Average lifespan: (urban) 17, (rural) 38

5. Working Conditions • 14 hours a day/6 days a week • Unclean • Dark • Dangerous machines • No government aid for the disabled • Coal mining was the most dangerous • Women and children were the cheapest labor

6. Middle Class • Social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers • Factory owners, shippers, merchants

7. Working Class • Laborers • With the increase of new inventions and technology, many laborers began to see machines take over their jobs • Angry, some broke the machines they felt were replacing them • Example: Luddites attacked whole factories in Northern England in the early 1800s.

8. Long Term Effects • Jobs • Contributed to the wealth of a nation • Inventions and technology • Increased production of goods • Raised the standard of living • Hope to improve • Healthier diets • Better housing • Cheaper, mass-produced clothing

9. Long Term Effects • Educational opportunities • Labor Unions • Higher wages • Shorter hours • Better working conditions • Tax revenues

10. Industrialization Spreads

11. Industrial Development in the United States • Like Britain, the US also had many natural resources. • Rivers • Coal • Iron ore • Huge labor force (immigrants and farm workers) • Scared of competition, Britain tried to blockade the US from trade.

12. US Industrialization • Like in Britain, Industrialization here began in the textile industry as well. • First factory was opened by Moses Brown. • Pawtucket, Rhode Island. • They mass produced the thread for cloth. • In 1813, the textile industry was revolutionized by Francis Lowell.

13. Francis Lowell was a machinist • Graduated from Harvard • Lobbied to add cotton to the US Tariff Act. • When he passed away, his friends decided to have the town named after him. • Lowell, Massachusetts became a huge manufacturing center.

14. Rural to Urban Shift • Like in Britain, the people (especially the women) left the country for the city. • Higher wages • Independence in the city • Worked 12 hours shifts in the factories, 6 days a week.

15. Textiles and Clothing • Again, like in Britain the textile industry lead the way. • Clothing manufacturing increased • Shoemaking also mechanized

16. Entered Slowly • Despite the new factories, the US was slow to industrialize. • Primarily agricultural til after Civil War in 1865 • But then…Technological Boom. • Wealth of natural resources • Oil, coal,& iron • Burst of inventions • Light bulb, telephone • Growing population • Consumed all these new goods

17. Said to be the responsible for creating the modern world. Didn’t speak until he was almost 4 years old. Had it existed then, he would have been diagnosed with ADHD as a child. His parents were middle class, but saved money to hire him a tutor to fill his curiosity for science. Only 3 months of formal schooling. Thomas Alva Edison

18. Taught music at an all boy’s school. Survived tuberculosis. Teacher of deaf students at Boston School for the Deaf. When he died in 1922, the entire nation stopped using telephones for a full minute in his honor. Alexander Graham Bell

19. Railroads • Because of railroads, cities like Chicago and Minneapolis were growing. • They were located right by the railroads. • Chicago- hugely prosperous stockyard industry • Minneapolis- grain industry was rapidly growing. • Railroads alone were profitable.

20. Population and Railways in the US

22. Corporal America • So where to get the $$? • Building railroads takes lots of money, so businesses would sale stock. • Stock- shares of a company, with certain rights of ownership. Each stock holder becomes part owner in the companies. • Corporations- a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.

23. New Corporations • Standard Oil (John D. Rockefeller) • Carnegie Steel Company (Andrew Carnegie)

24. European Industrialization • Europe saw what was occurring around them, and wanted the same for their selves. • They called it the British Miracle- the result of profiting from new manufactured goods. • The Napoleonic wars and French Revolution had put an end to trade.

26. The Industrial World Unit 7: The Industrial Revolution (1700 – 1900)

27. European Industrialization • Belgium- European leader in the race to industrialization. • Significant amounts of iron ore • Coal • Many waterways for transportation (like the US and Britain)

28. Germany • At this time, Germany was still very politically divided. • Little resources • Obviously would slow down the industrialization process. • Instead of nationwide industrialization, there were certain areas that were industrialized. • The areas that were rich in coal. • In around 1835, Germany started to copy Britain. • Imported British engineers, and machines. • Also sent their kids to Britain in order to learn industrial management. “Smokestacks seem to sprout from the earth like mushrooms.”

29. Europe

30. Expansion in Europe • Continued to grow by region, instead of country. • In large farming communities, industry would arise in little pockets of an area. • Bohemia, Catalonia, & Northern Italy all had their little pockets of industrial growth. • They used serf labor in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

31. France • The agriculture in France was still booming, so industrialization didn’t occur so suddenly here. • Avoided social and economic problems because of this. • 1850- their government began constructing their first railroads.

32. Not for Everyone • Some nations didn’t industrialize. • Social structures slowed the new production methods. • Austria-Hungary and Spain- people didn’t have means of transportation to get to the city. • Austria-Hungary’s mountains limited their transportation. • Spain- horrible roads and not much water to use for transport.

33. Industrialization’s Impact • Competition increased among nations • Widened the wealth gap • Britain used it’s overseas colonies for their natural resources. • Soon, the US, Russia, and Japan followed Britain’s lead and started using those colonies for the natural resources and markets. • Imperialism- the policy of extending one country’s rule over many other lands in order to build an empire and increase its wealth.

34. Imperialism • Great Britain was the most powerful nation in the world. • Imperialism was born out of the cycle of industrialization because these empires needed the resources that their colonies had.

35. Society Transformed • So many influencing factors: • Agricultural revolution • Production of new goods • Transportation revolution • Communication changing • Industrialization gave Europe a huge amount of power economically. • Changed their daily life, as well as their life expectancy. • Health and wealth started to improve because of all these industrial changes. • The new middle class • More opportunity for education and a chance to participate in government.

36. The Philosophers of Industrialization • Laissez-faire- the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference. • They came from the French economic philosophers that were practicing during the Enlightenment. • Discouraged large tariffs (taxes) • Government regulations interfered with the production of wealth. • If government allowed free trade, then in return the economy would grow and prosper.

37. Adam Smith • A professor at the University of Glasgow in Scotland. • Defended the free economy, or free markets. • Wrote The Wealth of Nations. • Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress. • The government should interfere with the market. • Three Laws of Economics: • The law of self interest- people work for their own good • The law of competition-competition forces people to make better products. • The law of supply and demand - enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy.

38. Capitalism • Capitalism- Factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit. • Natural laws should govern economic life • Helped to bring about the Industrial Revolution

39. Thomas Malthus- wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population. • Argued that the population grew faster than the food supply. • Seemed to be true during the 1840s.

40. Utilitarianism • Utilitarianism-people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility or usefulness. • Introduced by Jeremy Bentham. • The government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people. • Pushed for reform in education.

41. Utopian Ideas • Improved working conditions • Low rent rates • Wanted a perfect living place • Moved to America, and built a community called New Harmony, Indiana.

42. Socialism • Socialists thought that governments should intervene with business. • Socialism- the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all. • These thinkers thought that it was important for the government or the wealthy to take action, and that this would improve people’s lives.

43. Socialism • They were simply trying to offset all the negative effects that industrialism had on society. • Had an optimistic view of human nature, a belief in progress, and a concern for social justice. • Thought that the government should plan the economy rather than depend on free-market capitalism to do the job.

44. Marxism • Karl Marx- a German journalist, created a very radical branch of socialism that is now called Marxism. • Wrote TheCommunist Manifesto(1848)with Friedrich Engels. • Split society into two classes, the haves, and have-nots.

45. Marxism = Communism • Thought that capitalist system would eventually destroy itself. His predictions: • First- factories would destroy & drive small artisans and shops out of business • The large working class (the proletariat) would revolt, and take over the factories • The workers would then control the government • After a period of cooperative living and education, the state or government would wither away as a classless society developed. • Called this final stage: pure communism. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyqJ9wxZ9L0

46. What Does Communism Look Like? • Communism- a form of complete socialism in which the means of production– all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses—would be owned by the people. • With this, private property would no longer exist. • Like the U.S.S.R. from 1921-1991.

47. Capitalism vs. Socialism

48. Labor Unions • Horrible working conditions • Long hours • Dirty work areas • Very little pay All these things lead to the creation of unions. Labor Unions- engaged in collective bargaining - negotiations between the workers and their employers.

49. Unionization • Skilled workers were the first to form unions because their special skills gave them collective bargaining power. • Strike- if factory owners refused these demands, union members could strike, or refuse to work. • At first, the British government denied their working class the right to join unions. They thought that it was a threat to social order, but they won the right to strike in 1875. Much later in the United States.

50. Reform Laws • Forced the political leaders to see the horrible conditions, and the abuses of the workers that the industrialization had actually caused. • Factory Act of 1833- made it illegal for employers to hire children under 9. Children aged 9-12 could only work for 8 hours a day, and 13-17 year olds only 12 hours. • Mines Act 1842- kept women and children from working underground in the mines. • Ten Hours Act of 1847- the women and children were not allowed to work more than 10 hours. • In the US, the National Child Labor Committee was established in 1904 and National Child Labor Act passed in 1916. • Was struck down by the Supreme Court, because it interfered with state power.