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End of World War I

End of World War I. The Search for Peace. End to the War. By 1918 the war was no longer a deadlock and the sides began more movement. America’s entry into the war brought new strength to the allied powers.

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End of World War I

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  1. End of World War I The Search for Peace

  2. End to the War By 1918 the war was no longer a deadlock and the sides began more movement. America’s entry into the war brought new strength to the allied powers. Germany eventually grew exhausted and short of ammunition leading to the end of the war.

  3. Cost of War

  4. Cost of War

  5. Cost of War Millions of soldiers were dead and even more wounded. 1918- Influenza struck killing more than 20 million people worldwide. The war generated great bitterness. The masses and their leaders held high hopes for territory and reparations after the war.

  6. Political Turmoil Governments had collapsed in Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. The shock of defeat in Germany and widespread hunger sparked a revolution leading to the creation of a new German Republic.

  7. Political Turmoil European colonies in Africa and Asia begin to view the imperial powers as not as strong as they seem. Colonial troops that helped in World War I returned home with renewed hopes of independence.

  8. Effects of World War I • BAR • Blame • The Allied powers blamed the conflict on their defeated foes. • The Central Powers looked for scapegoats on whom they could blame their defeat. • DisArmament • The reduction of offensive or defensive fighting capability. • Reparations • Payments for war damage. • The Allied powers wanted the losers of the war to make reparations.

  9. Paris Peace Conference January 1919, Representatives of the allied powers assembled in Paris to draw up peace terms. The Central Powers and Russia were not allowed to take part in the negotiations.

  10. Goals of the Allied Nations • America • Wilson’s Fourteen Points • Wanted a settlement that would sweep away the foundations of war. • “Peace without victory” • Called for a just settlement which would encourage a defeated Germany to work with the victorious allies in building a new Europe. • Wanted to form a “League of Nations” connecting all nations in a mutual alliance.

  11. Goals • France- Georges Clemenceau • Wanted security and revenge on Germany. • Many French industries and farms had been ruined. • Demanded that Germany’s capacity to wage war be destroyed. • Crippling Germany would help to make France more powerful in Europe.

  12. Goals • Britain- David Lloyd George • Promised to build a postwar Britain, “fit for heroes”. • Wanted to make sure that Germany was not punished too much. • Italy • Wanted the Allies to honor their secret agreement to give Austria-Hungary lands to Italy.

  13. Treaty of Versailles June 1919- Allies ordered representatives from the German Republic to sign the treaty. Article 231- Placed sole responsibility for the war on Germany and its allies. The treaty presented Germany with an open-ended bill that would take generations to pay.

  14. Treaty of Versailles • The German army was limited to 100,000 volunteers and deprived of heavy artillery, tanks and warplanes. • Took Germany’s oversea colonies • Asia and Africa • Germany signed because they had no choice. • Much resentment of the Treaty of Versailles would help to spark World War II.

  15. Outcomes • Self Determination • The right of a people to have its own state, free of foreign domination. • This meant the return of Alsace and Lorraine to France. • The creation of an independent Poland. • 3 New Republics: Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary. • In the Balkans: new South Slav state, Yugoslavia.

  16. Outcomes • Mandates • Colonial leaders expected that the peace would bring new respect and an end to imperial rule. However, this was not the case. • The victorious allied nations were awarded control of German and Ottoman colonies.

  17. Outcomes • League of Nations • Groups of nations to act as one in order to preserve the peace for all. • Wilson felt that the League could correct any mistakes that were made at the Paris Peace Conference. • More than 40 nations joined the League. • Offered new hope to the end of the war.

  18. League of Nations • Many were concerned that joining the League would draw the United States into unwanted wars due to alliance. • The U.S senate refused to ratify the treaty. • The loss of the United States weakened the League’s power.

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