World War I: The War To End All Wars

1. World War I:The War To End All Wars Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High

2. Causal Factors • Nationalism rises as major factor throughout nineteenth cen. • Self-determination • Eastern Europe and Balkan nations controlled by Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires • Greece, Bulgaria, and Serbia gain independence from Ottomans • Nationalism continues to grow among Slavs • Naval arms races and colonial competition • Public Opinion • Formation of Alliances • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy • Triple Entente: France, Britain, Russia • War Plans • Germany’s Schlieffen Plan • France’s Plan XVII

3. “Till the world comes to an end, the ultimate decision will rest with the sword”

5. War: The Summer of 1914 • June 28, 1914: Bosnian terrorist group, The Black Hand, assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand (future Austrian king) • Serbia rejects Austria-Hungary’s peace offer, due to terms infringing on Serbian sovereignty • With Germany’s “full support” Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia on July 28 • July 29: Russia mobilizes troops to defensive positions • Germany sends ultimatum to Russia, note to France • August 1: Germany declares war on Russia and France • Mobilizes Schlieffen Plan, Belgium refuses Germany passage • August 4: Britain sends Germany ultimatum on Belgium

7. The Guns of August & Stalemate • Expectations for quick war • German advance stops along River Marne, trenches form • Western Front becomes war of attrition • Use of barbed wire, chemical weapons, machine guns, tanks, airplanes, submarines (U-Boats) • Bloodletting, deaths, costs rise along both fronts • Civilians also seen as targets, cities and trade ships attacked • German zeppelins bomb English cities—London • Italy leaves Triple Alliances, joins with Triple Entente, alliances renamed Allied Powers • Germany & Austria (Central Powers), drive back Russian attack of Poland and Prussia, new defensive lines form • Russian defeats undermine Tsar’s authority • Bulgaria joins Central Powers

9. The Home Front • Total War • Conscription, Control of Production, Rationing • Women in the workplace • Dangerous conditions, TNT poisoning • Women’s rights and suffrage • Propaganda • Censorship • Advertising • Demonization of the enemy • Building support and cause for war • War Bonds

11. European Colonies in East Asia

12. Japan & the Pacific in the Great War • War spills into European colonies • Colonial peoples brought to Europe to fight • British commonwealth also called on • August 15, 1914: Japan sends Germany ultimatum for land • Also immediate withdrawal of German navy from Asia • Japan declares war on Germany, take German possessions • Australia and New Zealand join in taking German islands • 1915: Japan Issues the “Twenty-one Demands” • Japan’s imperial motivations for China

13. Europe Colonizes Africa

14. Africa & the Middle East in the Great War • Allies target German colonies in Africa • Many troops die of tropical and mosquito borne diseases • Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers, Britain attacks • Britain attempts control of the Dardanelles at Gallipoli • Turks under Mustafa Kamel turn back British • 1913: Trukification pogrom targets Armenians • Arab self-determination and T.E. Lawrence • Ottoman army performs poorly, Allies gain territory

17. The Russian Revolution • Tsar mismanages the war, grows unpopular • Russian economy cannot handle total war • The March Revolution • Tsar Nicholas II abdicates amidst protests, mutinies, famine • Provisional government shares power with soviets (unions) • Provisional government popular, until it supports Allies • Vladimir IlyichUlyanov (Lenin) takes control of Bolsheviks • November Revolution • Lenin and Bolsheviks take control of government • Socialist slogans, communist reorganization • Sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to take Russia out of war • Russia gives much territory to Germany in exchange for peace

19. The United States & The Great War • At first United States stays out of the war • British navy blocks ships from Germany • German submarines bomb British ships • May 7, 1915: Germans bomb Lusitania killing over 100 American citizens • U.S. angry, Germans suspend sub warfare • British navy gains edge, Germans break promise, re-launch subs • 1917: U.S. enters war against Central Powers • March 1918: German Gen. Lundendorff unsuccessfully leads new offensive on Western Front—defeat at hand • September 30, 1918: Bulgaria capitulates • October 30: Ottoman Empire signs armistice • November 4: Austria-Hungary surrenders • November 11: Germany accepts armistice

22. Aftermath of War • Physical destruction (northern France & Belgium=worse) • Influenza Pandemic of 1918 • The Paris Peace Conference • Georges Clemenceau, Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando, and Woodrow Wilson dominate the proceedings • Central Powers not invited to Peace Conference • Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points • Open covenants, self-determination (for “civilized nations”), freedom of the seas, free trade, rights for colonial peoples • League of Nations • Harsh peace for Germany and Austria • Ataturk and modern, secular Turkish nationalism • The Mandate System • Middle East under French and British control • Shifting global order: colonial nationalism, weakened Europe