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BJ Casey, Ph.D. The Sackler Professor and Director

NIH 2011 Annual Science of Behavioral Change Meeting Emotion Regulation and Self Control. BJ Casey, Ph.D. The Sackler Professor and Director Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology and Neuroscience Graduate Program Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY.

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BJ Casey, Ph.D. The Sackler Professor and Director

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  1. NIH 2011 Annual Science of Behavioral Change Meeting Emotion Regulation and Self Control BJ Casey, Ph.D. The Sackler Professor and Director SacklerInstitute for Developmental Psychobiology and Neuroscience Graduate Program Weill Cornell Medical College New York, NY

  2. Sackler Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College Current or Past Fellows DimaAmso & Kevin Bath (Brown) Matt Davidson (U Mass) Stephanie DuhouxSarah Durston * (Utrecht) Inge Marie Eigsti(U Conn) Helena Frielingsdorf Adriana Galvan* (UCLA) Barbara Ganzel (at Cornell) Todd Hare * (Zurich) Rebecca Jones Vicki Libby Conor Liston SumitNiogi Matt Malter Cohen Nick Franklin Fatima Soliman Siobhan Pattwell Alisa Powers Sarah Getz (at Princeton) Alex Millner (at Harvard) Erika Ruberry Theresa TeslovichLeah Somerville* LiatLevita (at York) Katie Thomas (at U Minn) NimTottenham * (now at UCLA) Faculty Doug Ballon Gary Glover Ian Gotlib Walter Mischel Yuichi Shoda Henning Voss Special thanks to THE FAMILIES. FUNDING SOURCES: P50 MH62196, R01 MH63255, R21 DA15882, R01 DA018879, NSF 06-509, R01 HD069178, the Mortimer D. Sackler, M.D. family Dewitt-Wallace Fund, WCMC Department of Psychiatry and CBIC Imaging Core.

  3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) allows us to visualize and measure deep, primitive brain regions involved in desire and emotion. Source: PBS graphic based on Galvan et al 2006, Hare et al 2008, Sackler Institute

  4. Individual differences in brain activity (High Anxiety vs Low Anxiety) SOURCE: Hare et al 2008 Sackler Institute

  5. And during brain development from childhood to adulthood SOURCE: Gogtay et al 2004 PNAS, NIMH

  6. and in Social and Psychological Contexts SOURCE: National Geographic: A Beautiful Brain based on Casey et al Neuron 2010

  7. Key Areas 1) Development. Age-specific changes in regional brain development can impact behavioral choices. 2)Contexts. Emotionally charged contexts may lead to emotional brain regions “hijacking” prefrontal control circuitry leading to poor behavioral choices. 3)Individuals. Variation across individuals (impulsivity, sensation seeking, emotional reactivity) impacts choice behavior.

  8. Development

  9. MRI Data shows Cortical Development across Childhood SOURCE: Gogtayet al 2004 PNAS

  10. Focus has typically been on prefrontal cortex (PFC) Dramatic developmental changes in prefrontal and subcortical regions during adolescence Subcortical limbic regions involved in desire, fight, flight SOURCE: Sowell et al 1999 Nature Neuroscience

  11. Neurobiological (Imbalance) Model of Adolescence Emphasizes deep structure development as well as cortical. SOURCE: Casey et al., 2008 Dev Reviews; Somerville & Casey, 2010 Brain & Cogn.

  12. How does Regional Brain Development map onto Behavioral Development • Hallmark of behavioral development is a gain in ability to suppress an inappropriate action in favor of an appropriate one (impulse control). • Individual Differences • Influence of Context

  13. Development of impulse control

  14. Development of impulse control(Commission Errors- Go when should Not) SOURCE: Somerville et al. 2010 JoCN

  15. Prefrontal Activity shows Linear pattern of development that is correlated with measures of impulse control SOURCE: Somerville et al 2010 JoCN

  16. Incentives (e.g., money, food, peers) can alter behavior without conscious awareness SOURCE: Galvan et al 2005 J Neuroscience

  17. Teens make more commission errors to rewarding cues than neutral ones Source: Somerville et al 2010 JoCN

  18. Adolescent show enhanced ventral striatum activity to monetary rewards relative to children and adults 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1000 800 600 400 200 0 * * Children Adolescents Peak % MR Signal Change Adults Ventral Striatum Orbital Frontal Cortex Volume of Activity * * * (mm3) SOURCE: Galvan et al 2006 J Neuroscience No of Interpolated Voxels Nucleus Accumbens Orbital Frontal Cortex

  19. Teens show enhanced activity in ventral striatum to positive social cues (e.g., happy faces) Source: Somerville et al 2010 JoCN

  20. Emotional Bias on Choice Behavior Source: Hare et al. 2005 Bio Psychiatry

  21. Inverse association of subcortical limbic and ventromedial prefrontal activity with behavior bias Hare et al 2008 Bio Psychiatry

  22. Inflection in amygdala activity in adolescents to cues that signal threat Source: Hare et al. 2008 Bio Psychiatry

  23. Amygdala Activity to Repeated Exposures of Fear related cues( i.e., empty threat) Early Trials Late Trials Hare et al. 2008 Bio Psychiatry

  24. Habituation of Amygdala Response is associated with Trait Anxiety (i.e., decrease in activity from early to late trials)

  25. Individual differences in brain activity (High Anxiety vs Low Anxiety) SOURCE: Hare et al 2008 Sackler Institute

  26. Social Context

  27. SOURCE: Chein et al Dev Sci2010

  28. More risky decisions and crashes in adolescents when with peer than alone SOURCE: Chein et al Dev Sci2010

  29. Greater Peer Influence in Adolescentsin Ventral Striatum SOURCE: Chein et al Dev Sci2010

  30. Psychological Context

  31. Effects of Stress on Prefrontal Structure &Function Source: Liston et al 2006 Neuron, 2007 J Neuro, 2009 PNAS

  32. Effects of Stress on Prefrontal Structure &Function Source: Liston et al 2006 Neuron, 2007 J Neuro, 2009 PNAS

  33. Individual Differences

  34. Neural Correlates of Delay of Gratification 40 years later

  35. Low Delayers have difficulty suppressing responses to “hot”, but not “cold” cues * p < .025 Source: Casey et al 2011 under review

  36. The Prefrontal Cortex is involved in Impulse Control SOURCE: Casey et al 2011 under review

  37. The Ventral Striatum is sensitive to social positive cues and its activity is enhanced in Low Delayers Right Ventral Striatum Source: Casey et al 2011 under review

  38. Imbalance between primitive brain regions involved in desire and rational prefrontal circuitry involved in emotional and self regulation Source: PBS graphic based on Galvan et al 2006, Hare et al 2008, Sackler Institute

  39. Conclusions The behavioral and imaging studies of emotion regulation and self control provide evidence for: -significant individual and developmental differences in these abilities. -potential for change in these abilities by social and psychological contexts.

  40. Conclusions The behavioral and imaging studies of emotion regulation and self control provide evidence for: -significant individual and developmental differences in these abilities. -potential for change in these abilities by social and psychological contexts. All 3 can lead to imbalances between control and emotional systems, yielding suboptimal choice behavior. and require careful consideration when considering approach for behavioral change!

  41. Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology Weill Medical College of Cornell University Photograph by Michael Weinstein

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