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The High and Late Middle Ages

The High and Late Middle Ages. Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church. 1000-1300 the balance of power shifts Monarchs centralized power; expand their domains at expense of the Church Supported by townspeople who wanted peace for trade. William of Normandy. William conquers England; King (1066)

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The High and Late Middle Ages

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  1. The High and Late Middle Ages

  2. Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church • 1000-1300 the balance of power shifts • Monarchs centralized power; expand their domains at expense of the Church • Supported by townspeople who wanted peace for trade

  3. William of Normandy • William conquers England; King (1066) • Fiefs and taxes • Common law and trial by jury • By 1154 Henry II has serious conflict with church over legal authority • 1170 Thomas Becket, archbishop is assassinated Battle of Hastings, 1066

  4. Evolving Systems of Government • John angers the Church and his own nobles • 1215 the nobles force him to sign the Magna Carta • Gives nobles rights; due process given to all citizens • King subject to the law King has a council of advisors; can’t tax arbitrarily

  5. Parliament • 1200s the Great Council becomes Parliament • This becomes England’s legislature • House of Lords • House of Commons • Power of the Purse; the right to approve any new taxes

  6. Monarchs in France • In 1179 Phillip II becomes King of France • Loyalty, taxes, expansion make him most powerful ruler in Europe • His grandson Louis IV clashes with the pope • Schism; Avignon • Estes General

  7. The Holy Roman Empire • After Charlemagne’s death empire broke up • 936 Otto I becomes King of Germany • Close ties to Pope • 962 crowned Emperor • Claim control of central and eastern Europe

  8. Pope Versus Emperor • 1054 Henry IV King of Germany; Holy Roman Emperor • Gregory VII Pope • Fight over lay investiture • Excommunication; rebellion; exile • 1122 The Concordat of Worms

  9. The Struggle for Italy • 1100-1200 German emperors try to control Italy • Frederick I tries to take Italy • He’s defeated but clashes with several popes • While he’s in Italy his nobles get more independent

  10. Church Power at its Height • 1198 Innocent III • Claims authority over all earthly rulers • 1209 launches a holy war against French heretics; Crusade; tens of thousands slaughtered • Extends Papal Sates and power

  11. The Crusades • Europe in isolation • Brilliant civilizations in India, Asia, Africa and the Middle East • Especially the Muslim • Series of wars begun in 1096 • Christians battle Muslims for control of the Holy Land • Lasts for 200 years

  12. The Call to Crusade • Seljuk Turks (Muslim) overrun Middle East • The Byzantine Emperor asks Pope Urban II for help • At the Council of Clermont Urban makes the call • Urban hopes to increase his power and heal the Schism

  13. Massacre • Only the First Crusade is successful • Crusader States • These are overrun causing more Crusades • 1187 Jerusalem falls to Saladin • 1291 Muslims overrun the Crusader States

  14. Economic Impact of the Crusades • Religious hatred • European economies expand; trade routes open to move luxury items from the Byzantine Empire • Venetians build huge fleets • Growth of money economy

  15. Effects on Monarchs and Church • Increases power of the Monarchs • Collect taxes to support Crusades • Papal power reaches its height • Contact with the Muslim world opened the world to Europeans through trade and exploration

  16. The Reconquista • The campaign to drive the Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula • 1085 Christians retake Toledo • 1300 Christians control peninsula except for Grenada • 1469 Ferdinand and Isabella marry Jews Being Expelled from Spain

  17. Education • As economic and political conditions improve there is a need for educated people • 1100s sees schools and cathedrals to train clergy • Women couldn’t attend universities but could go to convents

  18. New Learning • Greek and Roman knowledge lost to Europe • Muslim scholars had translated it • 1100s these reach Europe • Creates crisis of faith versus logic • Thomas Aquinas

  19. Medieval Culture • Literature; epics and the Divine Comedy • The Canterbury Tales • Architecture and art • Romanesque to Gothic • Stone; glass; Notre Dame Cathedral The North Rose Window

  20. Notre Dame Cathedral

  21. The Black Death • 1347 trading ships dock at Messina; bring Black Death • By 1348 reached Spain and France • Bubonic Plague; spreads to Asia • Epidemic set off by Mongol invasions in the 1200s

  22. Effects of the Plague • Normal life breaks down; terror, bodies, people flee cities • Jews are blamed and persecuted • Economy suffers; inflation • Church splits; The Great Schism Illustration of the Black Death from the Toggenburg Bible (1411)

  23. The Hundred Years War • 1337-1453 France and England engage in a series of conflicts • English win early victories • Joan of Arc fights for France • War creates sense of nationalism in France; • Absolute monarchs • England sees rise of Parliament

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