Chapter 11

1. Chapter 11

2. Assets Liabilities & Equity Current assets Current Liabilities Long-term debt Preferred Stock Common Equity } Capital Structure

3. Ch. 11 - Cost of Capital • For Investors, the rate of return on a security is a benefit of investing. • For Financial Managers, that same rate of return is a cost of raising funds that are needed to operate the firm. • In other words, the cost of raising funds is the firm’s cost of capital.

4. How can the firm raise capital? • Bonds • Preferred Stock • Common Stock • Each of these offers a rate of return to investors. • This return is a cost to the firm. • “Cost of capital” actually refers to the weighted cost of capital - a weighted average cost of financing sources.

5. Cost of Debt For the issuing firm, the cost of debt is: • the rate of return required by investors, • adjusted for flotation costs (any costs associated with issuing new bonds), and • adjusted for taxes.

6. 1 = - After-tax Before-tax Marginal % cost of % cost of x tax Debt Debt rate Kd = kd (1 - T) .066 = .10 (1 - .34)

7. Example: Cost of Debt • Prescott Corporation issues a $1,000 par, 20 year bond paying the market rate of 10%. Coupons are semi- annual. The bond will sell for par since it pays the market rate, but flotation costs amount to $50 per bond. The tax rate is 34%. • What is the pre-tax and after-tax cost of debt for Prescott Corporation?

8. Pre-tax cost of debt: (using TVM) N = 40 (remember it’s semi-annual) PMT = -50 FV = -1000 So, a 10% bond PV = 950 costs the firm solve: I = 10.61% = kd only 7% (with • After-tax cost of debt: flotation costs) Kd = kd (1 - T) since the interest Kd = .1061 (1 - .34) is tax deductible. Kd = .07 = 7%

9. Cost of Preferred Stock • Finding the cost of preferred stock is similar to finding the rate of return, (from Chapter 8) except that we have to consider the flotation costs associated with issuing preferred stock.

10. D NPo Cost of Preferred Stock • Recall: kp = = • From the firm’s point of view: kp = = NPo = price - flotation costs! Dividend Price D Po Dividend Net Price

11. Example: Cost of Preferred • If Prescott Corporation issues preferred stock, it will pay a dividend of $8 per year and should be valued at $75 per share. If flotation costs amount to $1 per share, what is the cost of preferred stock for Prescott?

12. D NPo Cost of Preferred Stock Dividend Net Price kp = = = = 10.81% 8.00 74.00

13. Cost of Common Stock • There are 2 sources of Common Equity: 1) Internal common equity (retained earnings), and 2) External common equity (new common stock issue) Do these 2 sources have the same cost?

14. Cost of Internal Equity • Since the stockholders own the firm’s retained earnings, the cost is simply the stockholders’ required rate of return. • Why? • If managers are investing stockholders’ funds, stockholders will expect to earn an acceptable rate of return.

15. D1 Po b Cost of Internal Equity 1) Dividend Growth Model kc = + g 2) Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) kj = krf + j (km - krf )

16. D1 NPo Net proceeds to the firm after flotation costs! Cost of External Equity Dividend Growth Model knc = + g

17. Weighted Cost of Capital • The weighted cost of capital is just the weighted average cost of all of the financing sources.

18. Weighted Cost of Capital Capital Source Cost Structure debt 6% 20% preferred 10% 10% common 16% 70%

19. Weighted Cost of Capital(20% debt, 10% preferred, 70% common) • Weighted cost of capital = .20 (6%) + .10 (10%) + .70 (16%) = 13.4%