ROME

1. ROME Part I: The Republic Part II: The Empire

2. The Origins of Rome :The Myth Romulus and Remus Why was it not called Reme?

3. The Truth (as we know it) • Earliest prehistoric settlements (1000 B.C.) 3 groups influenced Rome • Latin's shepherds, plains of Latium • Greek colonies in Southern Italy • Etruscans settlements in Northern Italy • Founded on “the seven hills” of Rome • Hills over a swamp!!!

4. Geography was important to Roman Success • Rome was midway between the Alps and Sicily • Rome was on a river near the Sea but not too near • Rome was midway between Spain and the Middle East • Rome was in the Middle of the Mediterranean Sea

6. Religions • Polytheistic • Many early gods had no names but charged with taking care of daily things • Took signs from nature, augury (auspices) • Later Greek influences would give Rome a Greek Pantheon with Latin Names.

7. What are some Greek Gods that have Roman equivalents? • Zeus • Poseidon • Hera • Hades • Chronos • Ares • Hepheastus • Aphrodite • Hermes

8. Family Gravitas (seriousness, weightiness) Role of fathers was important, Patriarch Role of women was less important Classes Patricians - upper class Plebeians- lower class Slaves- Spoils of War Social Organization

9. Arete vs. Gravitas • Compare the excerpt of Hector and his decision to fight Achilles on page 126. • What would a Roman Hector do? • Think Gravitas: • Strength, Discipline, Tenacity, Loyalty, Pragmatism

10. Monarchy-2 elected consuls Aristocracy-Senate from patrician class Democracy-Election of Senators, and an assembly Dictatorship-only in crisis times Rome achieved a balanced government.

11. Roman Government • Rome’s Government was balanced • How does our government compare to theirs?

12. Roman Legion • Rome’s military might was focused upon its Legionary Forces • Infantry was tough and adaptable • Infantry was augmented with Cavalry and Artillery

13. The plebeians fight for equality. • Refused to Fight in the Army. . . • Office of the Tribunes created for the “Plebs’ • 10 elected officials to represent the plebeians in the Senate • Protected the rights of the plebs • Twelve Tables – written law code; granted free citizens protection from the government • Citizens’ Assemblies • All adult, Roman males could attend and vote on representatives

14. Rome 265 B.C. • Dominates the Italian Peninsula • Conquered people were citizens but could not vote • Allies – supplied Rome with troops

15. Rome’s Trade Empire • Location made it easy to trade by land and sea • Traded wine and olive oil for food, wood, granite, leather, etc. • Rome wanted control of the Mediterranean Sea trade network • Went to war with Carthage

17. Punic Wars – Rome vs. Carthage • Three separate wars • 1st war (264 – 241 B.C.) • Rome won Sicily from Carthage • 2nd war (218 – 202 B.C.) • Hannibal attacked Rome • Scipio defeats Hannibal at the Battle of Zama • 3rd war (149 – 146 B.C.) • Rome destroys Carthage • Sold 50,000 people to slavery

19. Consequences of Punic Wars • Rome loses many citizens • Farms destroyed by Hannibal • Rich corrupted and take advantage of poor • Small farmers had to sell land to rich • 25% of population were in poverty

20. First Triumvirate - Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus • They dominate Roman politics • Crassus died. . . Pompey became Caesar’s rival • Senate ordered Caesar to return to Rome • 49 B.C. – Caesar returns with army (war with Pompey) • 44 B.C. – Caesar became dictator of Rome by force

21. Caesar tried to reform the government. • Granted citizenship to the provinces outside of Italy • Senate enlarged to 900 men (more plebs) • Public works program (jobs for poor) • Gave land to poor in colonies (Spain, France, Africa, etc.) • Designed a new,accurate calendar (month of Julius) • Increased pay for soldiers • Caesar is popular and Senate is upset…

22. Caesar’s Assassination • March 15, 44 B.C. Caesar assassinated in the Senate chamber

23. Second Triumvirate – Octavian, Mark Anthony, and Lepidus • Hunted down Caesar's assassins • Dominated Rome for ten years • Octavian and Mark Anthony fight for leadership of Rome • 31 B.C. – Octavian defeats Anthony and Cleopatra at Battle of Actium • Octavian becomes first emperor of Rome – changes name to Augustus Caesar (exalted one)

24. Battle of Actium

25. Rome is an Empire • Augustus is the unchallenged ruler of Rome • Octavian ruled as a dictator for 41 years • Starts Pax Romana (27 B.C. – 180 A.D.) • Pax Romana = Roman Peace • Empire = 3 million square miles • 60 – 80 million people • Cultural Diffusion = many different societies

26. Roman Coliseum

27. Succession never solved in Rome • It was never determined how the next emperor would be decided in Rome when the current emperor died. • After the death of the emperor, Rome generally went into a time of violence as different factions made their choices clear. • Eventually a system of “adoption” was used. • From

28. Many of the Christian teachings collided with the Roman ideas. • Religious ceremonies - Christians did not attend pagan ceremonies. • Fighting - Christians would not fight. • Worshipping the emperor - Christians only worshipped God and Jesus.

29. Consequently the Romans persecuted the Christians. • Hungry Lion • Plus • Unarmed Christians • Equals • Roman Entertainment

30. Time of Crisis “Crisis of the Third Century” • Economic Problems - three sources of prosperity ended (trade, plunder, farms) • Military Problems - Goths over ran legions, soldiers fought for money not patriotism • Political Decay - officials were no longer loyal to Rome

31. Barbarians Invasions • Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, Angles, Saxons, Burgundians, Lombards, Vandals • AND THE HUNS!!!

33. Many historians have theories explaining why Rome fell... • Political • Social • Economic • Military

34. Immediate cause of the fall of Rome was... • Pressure from Huns and invasions from the German tribes • The Hun threatened not only the Roman Empire, but all Germanic tribes as well • Attila sacked 70 cities in Rome • Attila met with Leo I (the pope) and stopped short of destroying Rome completely

35. Fall of Rome Conquest by barbarians led to the sack of Rome.

36. Roman Reveiw • Who were the mythological founders of Rome? • What river was Rome located on? • What was favorable about Rome’s Geography? • Where did Rome get its religious beliefs? • What characteristic is most important to a Roman? • What were the two classes of Romans? • How did Rome achieve a balanced government? • Who did Rome fight in the Punic Wars? • Who made up the first Triumvirate? Who succeeded?

37. Roman Review • Who was Rome’s first true Emperor and probably its greatest? • What new religion spread throughout Rome during its empire age? • Did romans accept new religions easily? • How did the Roman Emperors solve the problem of succession? • What are some reasons that Rome fell?