Ch. 17.1-17.2: War Changes Society

1. Ch. 17.1-17.2: War Changes Society EQ: How does the Civil War change the lives of people in the North and South? Focus on differences in each region!

2. Calls for Emancipation • Abolitionists continue to urge Lincoln to emancipate (free) slaves • Lincoln did not believe he had power under Constitution to abolish slavery where it already existed • Also afraid of angering 4 slave states still in Union

3. Lincoln’s Opinion “If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it. If I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would do that also.” • Although Lincoln disliked slavery, his first priority was to preserve the Union. • By summer of 1862 Lincoln finally decides in favor of emancipation

4. Emancipation Proclamation • January 1, 1863 Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation • Document freed all slaves in Confederate territory • In reality, freed very few slaves as it was difficult for Union troops to enforce law in Confederate territory • Was important symbolic measure, making Civil War about liberation for North instead of preserving Union

5. Why Only Southern Slaves? • Freeing Southern slaves weakened rebelling states in Confederacy, so it could be seen as a military tactic • As commander-in-chief Lincoln has this authority • Constitution did not give him power to free slaves in Union – however Lincoln asked Congress to abolish it gradually throughout land

6. African-American Soldiers • Emancipation Proclamation also stated blacks now allowed to fight for Union • By war’s end 180,000 black soldiers served in Union Army • Organized in all-black regiments led by white officers • Given worst jobs/positions and paid less than whites • If captured usual shot or returned to slavery instead of being taken prisoner

7. African-American Recruiting Poster

8. The 54th Massachusetts • Black regiment insisted on no pay • 2 sons of Frederick Douglass served in regiment • July 1863 led attack on Fort Wagner making 54th household name in North and increasing African – American enlistment

9. The Famous 54th Massachusetts

10. War Wears on Public NORTH (UNION) SOUTH (CONFEDERACY) Growing weary of war and its sacrifices By end of 1863 army lost 40% of men Confederate states fell into disagreement States’ rights hurting them from coordinating war effort • “Copperheads” form – Lincoln’s main opponents, N Democrats wanted peace with S

11. More Men Needed South (Confederacy) North (Union) Draft started in March 1863 Allowed substitutes Offered $300 payment for volunteering as result only small % of men needed to be drafted • Started drafting soldiers in spring 1862 • Wealthy could hire substitute to serve in their place (1863 = $6,000) • Southerners complained – “This is a rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight”

12. Economic Effects of War • Food shortages common in South • Inflation especially in South - Over course of war prices rose 9,000% in South • War production helped North industry and economy – giving advantage over South • In 1861 first income tax established and new currency called “greenbacks” issued – helping Union pay for war

13. Women Aid War Effort • Women began doing traditional jobs of men, as men away fighting • 1000’s of women served on front lines as nurses • Relief agencies started washing clothes, cooking, and gathering supplies for soldiers • Women spies used by N and S Famous nurse, after war began the American Red Cross

14. Civil War Prison Camps • Captured soldiers often sent to War Camps • Horrible conditions, men died of disease, starvation and exposure to weather • Over-crowded – GA had camp meant to hold 10,000 men but held 33,000 at one point • Drinking water same as water serving as sewers • Approx. 50,000 men died in war camps over course of war

15. Summary • Write a 10 sentence summary answering the EQ questions. • Remember the EQ: How does the Civil War change the livesof people in the North and South? Focus on differences in each region!