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Organic Chemistry

Organic chemistry focuses on the study of compounds primarily containing carbon. With its unique ability to form multiple bonds, carbon gives rise to an extensive array of organic compounds, including hydrocarbons—substances made up of carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are classified into alkanes (single bonds), alkenes (double bonds), and alkynes (triple bonds), each with distinct properties and formulas. Knowledge of IUPAC naming conventions helps in systematically identifying and naming organic compounds based on their carbon structures and bonding. Explore the fascinating world of organic chemistry and its compounds!

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Organic Chemistry

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  1. Organic Chemistry

  2. Organic? • “organic” chemistry comes from studying the chemistry of living things • A LOT of carbon involved • Carbon has special properties • Bond with itself in multiple ways • Form single, double, and triple bonds, can even form rings or ‘cage-like’ structures • So organic chemistry is mostly about studying compounds with carbon (but NOT CO2, or carbides (single element bonded with carbon))

  3. Hydrocarbons • Group of compounds that involve carbon, and hydrogen (all organic compounds) • Simplest organic compounds • Thousands of different types of hydrocarbons because carbon can bond with itself in different arrangements

  4. Alkanes • Single bonds between carbon and hydrogen • Also called saturated (single bonds only) • Formula is CnH2n+2 • Give the formula and name of the first four alkanes

  5. Alkenes • Double bonds between carbon (even just one!) • Also called unsaturated • Formula is CnH2n • Give the formula and name of the first four alkenes

  6. Alkynes • Triple bonds between carbon (even just one!) • Also called unsaturated • Formula is CnH2n-2 • Give the formula and name of the first three alkynes

  7. Alkanes

  8. Alkenes

  9. Alkynes

  10. Single Bond vs Double and Triple • Single bonds are easy to break (that is why saturated foods are better for you) • Double bonds are very hard to break (unsaturated) • Triple bonds are almost impossible (unsaturated)

  11. IUPAC Naming • For hydrocarbons, you use the “parent” chain and count the number of carbons • The ending refers to the single, double, or triple bonds • What if there are branches?

  12. Parent and Side Chains

  13. Rules for Naming Side-Chains • Count the number of carbons in the longest chain (parent chain) – find the name • Number the carbons in that longest chain starting at the side closest to the side chain • Give names to the side chains (end with “yl”) • Examples at Naming Organic Compounds • Practice at Practice Naming

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