The Colonial Era: The Colonies are Settled and Growth of Colonial Society

1. The Colonial Era:The Colonies are Settledand Growth of Colonial Society

2. SSUSH1 The student will describe European settlement in North America during the 17th century. a. Explain Virginia’s development; include the Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation, relationships with Native Americans such as Powhatan, development of the House of Burgesses, Bacon’s Rebellion, and the development of slavery. b. Describe the settlement of New England; include religious reasons, relations with Native Americans (e.g., King Phillip’s War), the establishment of town meetings and development of a legislature, religious tensions that led to colonies such as Rhode Island, the half-way covenant, Salem Witch Trials, and the loss of the Massachusetts charter. c. Explain the development of the mid-Atlantic colonies; include the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam and subsequent English takeover, and the settlement of Pennsylvania. d. Explain the reasons for French settlement of Quebec. SSUSH2 The student will trace the ways that the economy and society of British North America developed. a. Explain the development of mercantilism and the trans-Atlantic trade. b. Describe the Middle Passage, growth of the African population, and African-American culture. c. Identify Benjamin Franklin as a symbol of social mobility and individualism. d. Explain the significance of the Great Awakening.

3. EssentialQuestions: How did New England, the Mid-Atlantic colonies, Virginia, and Quebec develop as settlements in North America? How did the economy and society of British North America develop?

4. Key Questions: • How did mercantilism affect the settlement of North America? • Where are the Spanish, English, French, Dutch settlements? • How did Jamestown, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, New Amsterdam and Quebec develop as settlements? • What conflicts arose as a result of colonies being settled? • How did the colonies support themselves economically? • What characterized the colonists relations with the Native Americans? • What were the beginnings of government in the colonies? • How did the New England colonists develop politically? • How did the colonists change the lands of North and South America? • What were the religious tensions of the colonies? • How did the Columbian exchange, Triangular trade and Middle Passage affect the economies of the colonies? • How did the new ideas in the colonies affect the development of the colonies? • How is Ben Franklin a symbol of social mobility and individualism in the U.S.?

5. Virginia Company, Massachusetts Company, Mayflower, Middle Passage, Jamestown, Plymouth, Quebec, John Smith, New Amsterdam, Transatlantic trade (triangular trade), Colonization, Physical migration, Powhaten , New Amsterdam, Massachusetts Charter, House of Burgesses, Legislature, New England town meetings, Vocabulary to Know

6. types of colonies: royal, proprietary, religious, tobacco economics. Bacon’s rebellion, Peter Stuyvesant, King Phillip’s war, Pocahontas, Squanto, Puritans, French and Indian War, 1763 Treaty of Paris, American Revolution, Rhode Island, half way covenant, Salem Witch trials, Great Awakening, John Edwards, Ben Franklin, William Penn, Puritans, Dissenters, Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson, More Vocabulary to Know

7. Mercantilism • The reason for colonies is the theory that if one’s country’s wealth increased, some other country’s wealth would decrease because there was only a finite or certain amount of wealth in the world. • You better get all you could before it ran out! • To protect their gold and silver, countries had to increase their trade, armies and navies. • Colonies were a way to increase trade, resources, gold and silver

8. Physical Migration • Another reason for colonies is that humans migrate or move, if they can, to better their situation • The first “aliens” to the Americas were the Native Americans • Next were all of the different peoples of Europe • Most African Americans did not migrate to the U.S. because they were forced to come here through slavery • Today who is migrating to the U.S.? ___________________

10. Earliest colonies to survive • Spain-St. Augustine, Florida • English-Jamestown, Virginia • English-Plymouth, Massachusetts • English-Massachusetts Bay Colony, Boston, Mass. • Dutch-New Amsterdam, New York • English-Philadelphia, Pennsylvania • France-Quebec, Canada

11. 13 Original

12. Types of Colonies • Royal- Land given by the King to become a colony such as Jamestown and to be ruled as if the King were the head of it • Proprietary-Land given by the king to become a colony but one or more of the private land owners retain rights that are usually privileges of the state. Such as Pennsylvania • Religious-people fleeing religious persecution and searching for a place to worship God as they saw fit set up a colony. The social and legal systems of the colony were thus closely tied to their religious beliefs. Such as Plymouth and the Massachusetts Bay Company

13. Spain and St Augustine • Ponce de Leon, Fountain of Youth, Florida • Missions important • Cortez, Pizarro- Conquest • Coronado- exploration • Established Large haciendas or plantations with enslaved workers usually Native Americans • Was not part of the original 13 colonies

14. England and Jamestown( a Southern colony) The Virginia Company is given a Charter from English King to set up a colony in North America The Va. Company finances their venture by becoming a joint stock company They were originally looking for gold Poor location and High death toll The leader, John Smith, made friends with Powhatan, an Algonquin chief, and traded with him for corn that kept the colonists alive the first winter.

15. How did Jamestown survive? Powhaten, John Rolfe, Pocahontas, and tobacco

16. Why and How did Jamestown change? • Original labor force were Indentured servants- people who could pay off their passage to the New World by working for a landowner for 7+ years in Jamestown. • Native American’s way of life ending due to changes in the land and disease. Increased wars with the remnant • Bacon’s Rebellion- army of indentured servants and slaves led by Nathaniel Bacon that attacked Native Americans on their lands because they wanted that land to grow tobacco. Bacon then turned on the landowners in Jamestown. Bacon lost but landowners no longer trust the indentured servants • Here’s an idea!Slavery- less chance of a rebellion because they have no hope of getting their own land

17. Development of government and rule of law in Jamestown • House of Burgesses– first elected legislative assembly in the New World • Established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619.

18. England and Massachusetts

19. English Pilgrims establish New England • Separatists who left England because they believed their church should be organized separate from the trappings, traditions and organization of the official Church of England • 1620-Pilgrims settle in Plymouth, Mass (Cape Cod) • Pilgrims wrote the Mayflower Compact- a set of laws they all agreed to be governed by. This is the first known example of law by the governed in the world. • In 1621 they celebrated their first Thanksgiving Day together to thank God for their survival. About half survived the first year.

20. The Embarkation of the Pilgrims (Weir)

21. The Puritans • Established the Massachusetts Bay Colony. • This colony passed Plymouth in population and wealth because of the good harbor at Boston. • They were Dissenters or people who disagreed with the Church of England’s worship style and were seeking "purity" of worship and doctrine in the new world

23. How did the Puritans and Pilgrims survive? • Native Americans such as Squanto helped the Pilgrims with food and taught them how to use the land’s resources • Malaria minimal due to healthy climate. • Fishing was excellent • Great natural resources like trees and the ocean-shipping became important • Puritan work ethic • Establish rum trade with Britain • Establish town meetings and a legislature

24. Religious Tensions in New England • Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson start what becomes Rhode Island (and the most free of all colonies) because they are persecuted for believing differently from the Puritans in matters of worship • Half-way covenant or the allowance of a Puritan to only do half of what the Puritan church says and still go to Heaven develops because Puritans are becoming more worldly and materialistic and the church elders do not want to lose church members ( sort of fooling with the Devil)

25. Salem Witch Trials • Spring, 1692 • 3 teenage girls start to act “funny”. • The town believes they are possessed by the devil. • They accuse one slave and two women of “shady” reputations of being their tormentors. • 19 people are accused and hung. • George Jacobs- 72 year old man accused of wizardry. • Finally comes to an end when the governors wife is accused. • Increase Mather, former judge, calls for moderation and tolerance.

26. Relations with Native Americans deteriorating • King Philip’s War- Native Americans fight back as they lose land and people • Nearly one in twenty persons overall among Indians and English were wounded or killed. • King Philip's war was one of the bloodiest and most costly in the history of America. • Weakened by disease the Native Americans are unable to regain their lands and win the war • Considered to be the beginning of the development of a greater American identity, because the trials and tribulations suffered by the colonists made them into a group distinct from their English counterparts. King Philip fighting the Puritans

27. The Middle Colonies-New York and Philadelphia • Henry Hudson “discovers” the “Hudson” River for the Dutch (present day Holland) • Dutch call their colony New Netherlands • Dutch settle the city of New Amsterdam at the mouth of the Hudson on a small island (Manhattan) • Peter Stuyvesant,is last Governor and builder of Wall Street • England seizes New Amsterdam without a fight and changes name to New York • Later, part of it is given to the English King’s friends and called New Jersey

28. The City of Brotherly Love • William Penn, a Quaker, settles Philadelphia in Pennsylvania. They make a peace treaty with Native Americans • Quakers are against weapons, slavery, and war • Prosperous because Philadelphia and New York both become the bread basket of the colonies

29. Quebec (where the Desaulniers family went looking for their fortunes) • France establishes a large French controlled area centered around the city of Quebec in present day Canada. • Originally focused on missions. • Fur trade becomes main economic focus not agricultural • Minimal problems with the Indians

30. Some other southern colonies • City of Charleston in South Carolina- named after King Charles II of England and his wife • Savannah- settled by Oglethorpe in Georgia and called a “buffer” colony. A place to help the little man do well and be debt free • Maryland settled by English Catholics looking for freedom from religious persecution • All are mainly agricultural

31. Charleston-largest port city in the Southern colonies

32. • children required to read to understand Bible • large families, six to nine children or more • men working as artisans or small farmers; some in fishing, trade, and business • small farms that could be managed by large families • religious tensions, witchcraft trials, belief in moral life Life in the New England Colonies widespread rural areas with few towns or schools; education only for children of the wealthy, not of the poor • conflicts between freed indentured servants, wealthy, and Indians for property • immigrants mostly indentured servants, men and boys • climate that bred disease, many deaths, small families • slave class created by forbidding freedom, education • large plantations that required many hands; gave rise to slavery • arrived in colonies looking for better life • sought religious freedom • many farmers Life in the Southern Colonies

33. How did the colonists (inadvertently) change the land area of the Americas and aid their own survival? • Earthworms • Honey bees • Feral pigs • New crops and cultivation methods • The Columbian exchange • Disease-small pox, malaria • Pollution • Native Species begin to decline • Less Native Americans

34. The most significant exchange of anything after 1492 and before now

35. The First Great Migration Migration of people from England to what is now the Northeastern and Southeastern United States, the Chesapeake Bay, and the Caribbean during the 1630s

36. How did all the separate colonies begin to become one big colony? • Trade with other colonies and England • Triangular trade especially profitable England and Europe B Africa C A The Americas (the Colonies and the Caribbean then called the West Indies)

37. Europe Colonies Africa

38. The Middle Passage • Refers to the forced transportation of African people from Africa to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade • It was called the Middle Passage because the slave trade was the middle portion of the triangular trade.

39. New Ideas in the Colonies • When you throw different people, different climates, different economies, different resources together, things start to heat up! • Change is in the air!!!!

40. The Enlightenment Philosophical Movement in Europe with some new ideas that shed light on the old dark ways of doing things • Human reason is the way to improve things in society • Divine right of kings is old school • Freedom matters • Man matters

41. Two Enlightenment philosophers who deeply affect the colonies (also Thomas Jefferson who writes the Declaration of Independence) • Montesquieu- Believed in separation of powers( executive, legislative, judicial) in a government if it was to be democratic • John Locke- all people are equal and independent and have a right to life, liberty, property . In some cases, where people’s rights are being abused, revolution is a right also.

42. Symbol of the “NEW” and ideal colonist Makes himself a successful business man by using his brains and working hard Author, political theorist, politician, printer, scientist, inventor, civic activist, and diplomat A renaissance man who Invents swim fins, the lightening rod, and bifocals His own man- an individual who answers only to himself and his God Benjamin Franklin

43. The Great Awakening • Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield preached a great Christian revivalin the Americas that led to many new (and perhaps dangerous?) ideas: • Freedom to chose one’s own religion led to freedom to chose one’s politics and government 2. Free will is “numero uno” and that means democracy is the best form of government. Mercantilism is not the best form of economics. 3. Your choices determine what kind of person you are and your destiny

44. There’s a storm a coming, mark my words, mi-lady!

45. The End by Miz D