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Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources

Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources. Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes reshape continents and cause earthquakes and volcanoes. The Solid Earth. Global Earthquakes. Global Volcanoes. The Earth’s Plates. The Plate Tectonics Model.

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Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources

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  1. Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources

  2. 14.1 Earth Processes Shape Our Resources • Earth is a dynamic planet • Tectonic processes reshape continents and cause earthquakes and volcanoes

  3. The Solid Earth

  4. Global Earthquakes

  5. Global Volcanoes

  6. The Earth’s Plates

  7. The Plate Tectonics Model

  8. Global Plate Motions

  9. 14.2 Rocks And Minerals • The Rock Cycle Creates And Recycles Rocks • Weathering And Erosion Wear Down Rocks

  10. The Rock Cycle

  11. 14.3 Economic Geology And Mineralogy • Metals are essential to our economy • What Do You Think? Should We Revise Mining Laws? • The Mining Law of 1872 • Nommetallicminerals include gravel, clay, sand, and salts

  12. Bingham Canyon Pit, Utah

  13. Bingham Canyon

  14. Everything in Mines is Big

  15. Everything in Mines is Very Big

  16. My Truck Can Eat Your Truck

  17. Where Are They Now? The Krupps

  18. Taconite Pelletizer

  19. Taconite Pellets

  20. Taconite Pellets

  21. Smelter, Sudbury, Ontario

  22. “Superstack”, Sudbury, Ontario:Once1% of the entire planet’s sulfur emissions – 40,000 tons/day

  23. Slag Pouring, Sudbury, Ontario

  24. 14.4 Environmental Effects of Resource Extraction • Mining can have serious environmental impacts • Acid runoff • Toxic metals • Processing ores also has negative effects • Sulfur Emissions • Waste Disposal

  25. Tailings, Bingham Canyon, Utah

  26. Mercury Mine, California

  27. Mine Runoff, Colorado

  28. Climax Tailings Ponds, Colorado

  29. Coal Tip, England

  30. Aberfan Slide, Wales

  31. 14.5 Conserving Geological Resources • Recycling saves energy as well as materials • About 50% of Iron and Steel is Recycled • Recycling Electronics • New materials can replace mined resources • New Methods of Mining Low-Grade Ores • Synthesizing Minerals (Quartz, Diamonds) • Alternatives (Plastics for Metals)

  32. Recycling Electronics

  33. Three Emerging Resource Problems • Lithium (Batteries) • Evaporites (Bolivia): Far Easier to Extract • Pegmatites (Lepidolite, Spodumene) • Rare Earths (Electronics) • Col-Tan and Congo Civil War • Chinese Monopoly • California mine to reopen • Phosphorus (Fertilizer) • Morocco, China, South Africa, Jordan, U.S. = 90%

  34. 14.6 Geological Hazards • Earthquakes can be very destructive • “Earthquakes Don’t Kill People, Buildings Kill People” • Volcanoes eject gas and ash, as well as lava • Lava is the Least Dangerous Product of Volcanoes • Landslides are examples of mass wasting

  35. Lava Flows Pyroclastic Debris Bombs Lapilli Ash Mudflows Landslides Gases Steam Carbon Dioxide H2S SO2 HCl HF Products of Eruptions

  36. Pollution SO2, HCl in Water Lava Flows Falling Ejecta Ash Falls Building Collapse Crop Destruction Mudflows Direct Damage (Colombia, 1985) Floods (Several Types) Blast (Mt. St. Helens, 1980) Pyroclastic Flow (St. Pierre, 1902) Gas (Lake Nyos, Cameroon, 1986) Environmental Hazards of Volcanoes

  37. Volcanic Explosivity Index

  38. Major Hazards of Earthquakes • Building Collapse • Landslides • Fire • Tsunamis (Not Tidal Waves!)

  39. Safest & Most Dangerous Buildings • Small, Wood-frame House - Safest • Steel-Frame • Reinforced Concrete • Unreinforced Masonry • Adobe - Most Dangerous • Loose Concrete Blocks (Haiti, 2010)

  40. Not the Best Place to Build?

  41. Construction, Turkey

  42. Construction, Turkey

  43. Construction, Turkey

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