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I. The Middle East Divided II. The Challenge to Colonial Rule in Africa III. Pan-Africanism

I. The Middle East Divided II. The Challenge to Colonial Rule in Africa III. Pan-Africanism IV. World War II and Its Aftermath. I. The Middle East Divided A. The War Years Parties: Russia - Mediterranean port Britain - Suez area French - eastern Mediterranean

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I. The Middle East Divided II. The Challenge to Colonial Rule in Africa III. Pan-Africanism

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  1. I. The Middle East Divided II. The Challenge to Colonial Rule in Africa III. Pan-Africanism IV. World War II and Its Aftermath Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present

  2. I. The Middle East Divided • A. The War Years • Parties: • Russia - Mediterranean port • Britain - Suez area • French - eastern Mediterranean • Germans - Mediterranean, North Africa • Jerusalem • Zionists • Ottomans • Enver Pasah, Minister of War • joins Central Powers • Britain • High Commissioner, Henry McMahon • and Sharif Husain of Mecca (1856-1931) • Arab independence promised

  3. I. The Middle East Divided • A. The War Years • 1916 - Sykes-Picot Agreement • secret • Britain, France, Russia • division of Syria, Iraq, Turkey • > Husain launches revolt, 1916 • son, Faisal (1885-1933) • T.E. Lawrence (1888-1935) • 1920 - General Syrian Congress • Faisal, king of Syria • 1920 - San Remo Conference • all Arab territories to Allies > mandates • France - Syria, Lebanon • Britain - Iraq, Palestine • 1917 - Balfour Declaration • Jewish homeland in Palestine • World Zionist Organization, 1897 • Theodore Herzl • Chaim Weizmann (1872-1952)

  4. I. The Middle East Divided • B. Turkey • Mustafa Kemal (1880-1938) • "Ataturk" • hero of Gallipoli • 1922 - Turkey a Republic • Kemal as president • 1923 - Treaty of Lausanne • Turkish sovereignty • Reforms • secular state • civil code • women's vote • alphabet

  5. I. The Middle East Divided • C. Iran • Reza Khan • 1925 • Qajar shah deposed • > Pahlavi dynasty • Reforms • Tehran University • westernization • some secularization • D. Arabia • British control Persian Gulf • Abd al-Aziz ibn Sa'ud (1881-1953) • 1924 - Takes Mecca and Medina • Sharia law

  6. I. The Middle East Divided • E. Egypt • 1922 - Independence • Britain retains control • 1923 Elections • Wafd victory • Zaghlul president • khedive becomes king • Egyptian Feminist Union, 1923 • Huda Sha'rawi • Muslim Brotherhood, 1928 • Hasan al-Banna

  7. I. The Middle East Divided • F. The Mandates • Iraq • 1917, British in Baghdad • Constitutional monarchy • 1932 - Independence • British retain control • 75-year oil lease • Syria • French control • 1925-7 - rebellions • 1943 - French withdraw

  8. I. The Middle East Divided • G. Palestine • Yishuv • Zionist community • kibbutzim • Arabs • Hajj Amin al-Husayni • 1919-26, Jewish immigration • increases 1933-36 • Balfour Declaration

  9. II. The Challenge to Colonial Rule in Africa • A. Nationalist movements • New forums • Lagos Weekly Record • West African Pilot • Imvo Zabantsundu • B. Organization • National Congress of British West Africa • Gold Coast (Ghana), Gambia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone • J. E. Casely-Hayford • East African Association • Kenya • predominantly Kikuyo • Harry Thuku, leader • 1922, arrested • 1923, banned • Senegal • Blaise Diagne • elected to Chamber of Deputies

  10. III. Pan-Africanism • A. International Support • W.E.B. Du Bois (1868-1963) • NAACP • editor of The Crisis • Marcus Garvey (1887-1940) • Universal Negro Improvement Association • B. Ethiopia • Haile Selassie, emperor • 1935 - Italian invasion • League of Nations acts • ineffective • C. Post-War • Fifth Pan-African Congress • Du Bois • Kwame Nkrumah • Jomo Kenyatta • shift to African leadership

  11. C. Kenya • Kikuyu split • Jomo Kenyatta - Kenyan African Union • Radials - Land and People's Party (Mau Mau) • British response • 1951- repression, internment camps • 1955-59 - state of emergency • Kenyatta in prison 1951-1961 • 1963 - Kenyatta elected president • D. South Africa • 1912 - Native National Congress • > African National Congress, 1923 • African National Conress • John Dube (1871-1946) • first president • founds Ohlange Institute • modeled after Tuskegee Institute • Charlotte Maxeke (1874-1939) • founds high school • IV. World War II and Its Aftermath • A. World War II • African soldiers • British West Africa • 167,000 soldiers • British East Africa • 280,000 • B. Post-War • Tangyanika African National Union • founded, 1954 • Julius Nyerere • uses UN • African Democratic Assembly • (RDA - Rassemblement démocratique africain) • Felix Houphouet-Boigny

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