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Society of castas: Spanish America

Society of castas: Spanish America. Rural/Urban Gender: patriarchies and double standards--Native, Iberian, African Condition: slave/not encomendado/not Race/ calidad / casta : espa ñol, indio, casta-- phenotype (color), not enough Culture: language, dress, food, social interaction

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Society of castas: Spanish America

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  1. Society of castas: Spanish America • Rural/Urban • Gender: patriarchies and double standards--Native, Iberian, African • Condition: slave/not encomendado/not • Race/calidad/casta: español, indio, casta--phenotype (color), not enough • Culture: language, dress, food, social interaction • Class, wealth: poor, not

  2. 1580: colonial hegemony Spanish cities and towns: 225 (tot. pop ~500,000) Native towns and villages: thousands (~5 million) Spanish mines and plantations

  3. Post-conquest society(Spanish America) urban rural

  4. Gender: patriarchies and double standards • Native: gendered division of laboruniversal, early marriage (15-16 yrs)access to village lands via household • Iberiansex-ratio imbalance--5-10 males/femalenearly universal, later marriage (17-18)equi-partible inheritance • Africansex ratio imbalance--3 males/femaleslavery threatened family, communityadvantage of informal unions

  5. Ethno-racial composition, New Spain

  6. Race/calidad/casta Racial lines more apparent than real Phenotype (color) not enough Flexibility: calidad (character, reputation) Crossings

  7. Three divisions Españolpeninsular, creole Indioencomendado,migrant (naboria) Castanegro (bozal)mulato, etc.

  8. Marriageways Spain: “Better to marry than to burn”--low illegitimacy in Spain. New Spain: “Better to be well fixed with a concubine than badly married.”--high illegitimacy in Spanish America.

  9. Slavery • Indian: rampant in the Caribbean (until the virtual extinction of the population) and on the frontiers (until the end of colonial rule) • African: first the earliest conquestssmall in number until 18th centurybut important in society, economy and even politics (militias)

  10. Slave Traffic from Africa: 1451-1870 (data repeated on next 4 maps) • 1451-1600: beginning (1/4 million) • 1601-1700: growing (1.3 million) • 1701-1811: peaking (6 million) • 1811-1870: declining (2 million)

  11. Slave Traffic (figures in thousands): 1451-1600, beginning (1/4 million)(P.D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade) 50 100 75 50

  12. Slave Traffic: 1601-1700, growing (1.3 million) 25 300 250 150 50 600

  13. Slave Traffic: 1701-1810, peaking (6 million) 350 1,400 600 1,400 450 1,900

  14. Slave Traffic: 1811-1870, declining (2 million) 50 600 100 1,100

  15. Cacao Boom: Venezuela, 4 regions occurred after 1680s(data for 1684, 1720, 1744) Caracas

  16. Encomienda and encomenderos • Encomenderos: conquerors and royal favorites • Encomienda: Grants of tribute and labor of native villagers, primarily to conquistadores • Crown attempts to convert from private to royal control (New Laws of 1542) • Attempts to restrict use of labor by encomenderos (personal service banned 1549) • Labor drafts: mita and repartimiento (1550-)

  17. Potosí (Upper Peru), 1545: richest silver mine in the early modern world

  18. Inside Potosí: native miners Migrant labor draft: mita every 7 years 16 provinces: lost 50% of pop in a century

  19. End

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