Chapter 12:

1. Chapter 12: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence

2. Figure 12.3 Bem’s Gender Role Categories Figure 12.3

3. “Our youth now love luxury. They have bad manners, contempt for authority; they show disrespect for their elders and love chatter in place of exercise; they no longer rise when elders enter the room; they contradict their parents, chatter before company; gobble up their food and tyrannize their teachers.”

4. Theories of Social and Personality Development Freud: Genital Stage libido channeled into healthy sexual relationship Erikson: Identity versus Role Confusion Stage Achievement of personal identity

5. Marcia’s Theory of Identity AchievementIdentity Statuses Statuses

6. Four Identity Statuses Four identity statuses proposed by Marcia based on Erikson’s theory. For fully achieved identity, young person must have both examined value/goals and reached firm commitment. Figure 12.1 Marcia’s Identity Statuses

7. Self-Understanding Components of self-understanding • More abstract definition of psychological self, appearance less important • Gender differences • Social comparisons; roles with peers, partners and parents • Self-esteem drops at first • Gender roles become more flexible

8. Mirror, Mirror on the Wall As they grow older, children and adolescents define themselves less and less by what they look like and more and more by what they feel. Figure 12.2 Changes in Teens’ Self-Descriptions

9. ? ? Questions To Ponder What stage of identity development, as described by Marcia, have you achieved? Why? How does one get to identity achievement?

10. Moral DevelopmentKohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning Write a brief description of and example for each stage.

11. Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory Narrow approach not universal Non-Western cultures do not fit well with Kohlberg’s approach • Gender differences • North American bias Situational factors may determine actual behavior

12. Social RelationshipsParents Conflicts with parents increase but attachment still high • everyday issues such as chores, hairstyles, dating • Sense of well-being more strongly correlated with quality of parent than peer attachment • friends become more significant source of support, but parents do not become less important

13. Figure 12.6 Sources of Support for Adolescents

14. Relationships with PeersPeer Group Structure

15. Cliques and crowds

16. Relationships with PeersCouple Formation Adolescent Romantic Relationships 12-13 years have concepts of being “in love” Gender differences Income differences Age of puberty onset differences Variations across cultures

17. Teen Dating