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Industrial Revolution Innovations: Railroads, Steamships, Telegraph, and More

Explore the transformative advancements of the late 1800s and early 1900s industrial revolution, including the impact of railroads, steamships, telegraph cables, steel and chemical industries, electricity, and the global effects on trade and economy.

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Industrial Revolution Innovations: Railroads, Steamships, Telegraph, and More

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  1. Industrial Revolution Late 1800s- Early 1900s Chapter 27

  2. Introduction • The motive force behind this second phase of industrialization consisted of deliberate combinations of business, entrepreneurship, engineering, and science, especially in physics and chemistry.

  3. Railroads • By 1850, railroads building was in: • Britain • France • Germany • Canada • Russia • Japan • United States • Consumed huge amounts of land • Consumed huge amounts of timber for ties and bridges

  4. Railroads • Opened new land to agriculture, mining, and other human exploitation of natural resources

  5. Steamships • Iron, steel replaced wood for hulls • Propellers became paddle wheels • More powerful and fuel-efficient engines • Freighters: 37.5x as big 1850 to 1900 • Shipping line: fast, punctual, reliable • Carried passengers, mail, perishables

  6. Telegraph Cables • Laid on ocean floor to control ships • Across Atlantic 1866 • India in 1870 • China, Japan, Australia 1871, 1872 • Latin America in 1872, 1873 • East and South Africa in 1979 • West Africa 1886

  7. Suez Canal • Built in 1869 • Shortened distance between Europe and Asia • Triggered massive switch from sail power to steam

  8. Steel & Chemical Industries • 1850 William Kelly learned how to turn iron into steel without additional fuel • 1856 Henry Bessemer improved Kelly’s method • Chemicals manufactured large scale • William Perkin created first synthetic dye: aniline purple • Alfred Nobel created dynamite • High scale pollution

  9. Electricity • Efficient generators turned mechanical energy into electrical current • 1879 Thomas Edison develops incandescent lamp • 1882 creates world’s first electrical distribution network in NYC in 1882 • Electrical street cars • Subways • Electric motors • Hydroelectric plants built

  10. Effects • Cost of freight dropped making it worthwhile to ship over long distances • Western Europe and North America: mass production of consumer goods • Capitalist economy: mass unemployment

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