Industrial Revolution

1. Industrial Revolution Late 1800s- Early 1900s Chapter 27

2. Introduction • The motive force behind this second phase of industrialization consisted of deliberate combinations of business, entrepreneurship, engineering, and science, especially in physics and chemistry.

3. Railroads • By 1850, railroads building was in: • Britain • France • Germany • Canada • Russia • Japan • United States • Consumed huge amounts of land • Consumed huge amounts of timber for ties and bridges

4. Railroads • Opened new land to agriculture, mining, and other human exploitation of natural resources

5. Steamships • Iron, steel replaced wood for hulls • Propellers became paddle wheels • More powerful and fuel-efficient engines • Freighters: 37.5x as big 1850 to 1900 • Shipping line: fast, punctual, reliable • Carried passengers, mail, perishables

6. Telegraph Cables • Laid on ocean floor to control ships • Across Atlantic 1866 • India in 1870 • China, Japan, Australia 1871, 1872 • Latin America in 1872, 1873 • East and South Africa in 1979 • West Africa 1886

7. Suez Canal • Built in 1869 • Shortened distance between Europe and Asia • Triggered massive switch from sail power to steam

8. Steel & Chemical Industries • 1850 William Kelly learned how to turn iron into steel without additional fuel • 1856 Henry Bessemer improved Kelly’s method • Chemicals manufactured large scale • William Perkin created first synthetic dye: aniline purple • Alfred Nobel created dynamite • High scale pollution

9. Electricity • Efficient generators turned mechanical energy into electrical current • 1879 Thomas Edison develops incandescent lamp • 1882 creates world’s first electrical distribution network in NYC in 1882 • Electrical street cars • Subways • Electric motors • Hydroelectric plants built

10. Effects • Cost of freight dropped making it worthwhile to ship over long distances • Western Europe and North America: mass production of consumer goods • Capitalist economy: mass unemployment