Democratic Politics, Religious Revival, and Reform 1824-1840

1. Democratic Politics, Religious Revival, and Reform 1824-1840 THE RISE OF DEMOCRATIC POLITICS THE BANK CONTROVERSY & THE 2ND PARTY SYSTEM THE RISE OF POPULAR RELIGION THE AGE OF REFORM chapter 10

2. In what ways had American politics become more democratic by 1840 than at the time of Jefferson’s election in 1800 What factors explain Andrew Jackson’s popularity?How did his policies contribute to the rise of the Whig Party? How did the Panic of 1837 and its aftermath solidify the Democratic & Whig parties What new assumptions about human nature lay behind the religious and reform movements of the period chapter 10

3. (Chapter 10)First State Election in Michigan

4. THE RISE OF DEMOCRATIC POLITICS 1824-1840: Democratic Ferment Substitution of poll tax for property Written ballot replaced calling out loud Appointive office more elective War between Republicans & Federalists Grand barbecues to woo voters Parties relied on caucus (conference of party members) to nominate candidates Excluded women & disenfranchised free blacks chapter 10

5. (Chapter 10) First State Election in Michigan This painting, the first of a frontier election, depicts the voting in Detroit for Michigan's governor in 1837. The voting took place in a large field near city hall (the red building); there were no neighborhood voting places. The Democratic candidate and eventual winner, Stevens T. Mason, is shown in the left center, dressed in a black top hat and coat with gray pants and handing a supporter a ballot with Mason's name on it, to be deposited in the box in front of city hall. Behind Mason a small African-American boy hands a piece of paper, most likely another Mason ballot, to a voter. Mason was accused of buying votes. Whether or not he did, the universal practice of candidates handing ballots directly to supporters invited fraud. Clustered around Mason are Irish-born voters, immigrants who had come to Detroit to work on public projects. The artist portrays the Irish as shabbily dressed. They seem indifferent to the issues and perhaps not entirely sober. The right side of the painting conveys a very different impression. Here the citizens are well-dressed and sober. A Mason banner with the Jacksonian slogan "No Monopoly" flutters in the wind, while figures that Detroiters would instantly recognize as the city's leading Democrat and Whig newspaper editors debate the issues. • In your view, what overall impression of frontier elections was the artist trying to convey? Was he suggesting that only men of property debated the issues and that the rest of the voters arrived at the polling place to sell their votes? Would it be fair to say that balloting was a much more public affair then than now? • What does this painting suggest about immigrant involvement in politics.

6. DEMOCRATIZATION: Election of 1824 Era of Good Feelings ended due to sectional tensions 5 candidates: all Democratic-REpublican J Q Adams: won but accused… JC Calhoun: ran as VP instead William Crawford: had a stroke Henry Clay: gave support to Adams A Jackson: lost chapter 10

13. DEMOCRATIZATION: J Q Adams as Pres. His mistakes: single termed pres. proposed federal aid for internal improvement: unconstitutional by strict Jeffersonians Proposed sending US delegates to Latin America: angered southerners who disliked black Haiti chapter 10

14. DEMOCRATIZATION: A Jackson rises Hot temper, a penchant for duels, fought as a boy in the Revolution Old hickory led new party (shape by V. Buren’s vision) called the Democratic Party Dem. Party against Adams’ National Republican (new name) The 2nd American party system takes shape chapter 10

15. Map 10.1: The Election of 1828

16. DEMOCRATIZATION: The Election of 1828 Mudslinging campaign: Jackson victor Nat’l Republicans called Jackson Drunken gambler, adulterer, & murderer Illiterate backwoodsman, the common man The Dem. Party called Adams Wearing silk underwear, being rich, being in debt, pimped his wife to the Tzar for favors chapter 10

17. DEMOCRATIZATION: Jackson on office Spoils system: he removed officeholders of rival party as response to anti-corruption Opened gates to partisan appointments Supported tariffs (South’s fury) and internal improvements (not projects in states) Indian Removal Act 1830 made him popular chapter 10

18. DEMOCRATIZATION: nullification Tariff issue caused rift between Jackson & J C Calhoun Calhoun was a nationalist during 1812 but became states’ rights sectionalist by 1826 Vying for presidency by siding w/ southerners who hated tariffs chapter 10

19. DEMOCRATIZATION: nullification In “SC Exposition and Protest,” he argued Tariffs = unconstitutional ‘cause it doesn’t benefit all states & states can nullify this law Underlying fear: N. might pass law to end slavery (Nat Turner in 1831, Garrison’s The Liberator) Jackson responded: Slightly lowered tariffs & distributed revenue to states, but Calhoun feared that would keep tariffs forever chapter 10

20. DEMOCRATIZATION: nullification Jackson vs. Calhoun: overt friction C’s wife & friends snubbed Eatons, who were friends of J J found out that C, as secretary of war under Monroe, urged that J be punished for his unauthorized raid in Spanish FL J viewed nullification as abominable & unconstitutional due to “single nation” chapter 10

21. DEMOCRATIZATION: nullification J signed the Compromise Tariff: gradual lowering of tariffs but Force Bill allows pres. To use arms to collect customs SC rescinded its nullification tariff of 1828 & 1832 Henry Clay as architect of Compromise & known as the Great Compromiser chapter 10

22. Jackson against bank’s director Nicholas Biddle chapter 10

23. DEMOCRATIZATION: Bank Veto & Election of 1832 J vetoed Bank of the US (vehicle for privileges & corruption) Bank: creditor of state banks, invoke hostility be demanding redemption in species; 35 M in revenue w/ private citizens as stockholders, in Phila not DC J ran w/ V Buren against H Clay (NR) J won & dismantled the Bank chapter 10

24. BANK CONTROVERSY & 2ND PARYT SYSTEM, 1833-1840 J’s banking policy: moved fed. deposits to state banks. State led to rise of the Whig Party Stimulated popular interest in politics Led to economic slump J’s policy caused faction in his Dem party: soft money vs. hard money (NY’ Locofocos “workies” supported Andrew Jackson and Van Buren For free trade, greater circulation of specie, legal protections for labor unions against paper money, financial speculation, and state banks. chapter 10

25. Attack on Jackson’s bank policies: worthless banknote, donkey, hickory leaf, Cunning Reuben = anit-semitic? chapter 10

26. Political Parties AP Planning

27. 2nd Party System Nat’l Republican Whig Democrat Tory = Democr Old Hickory led D. Party Shaped by Van Buren Ran against Q. Adam’s Nat’l Republican Tariff caused rift between Jackson & Calhoun Rift caused by soft vs. hard money NY’s Locofocos Calhoun = nationalist in 1812 but turned sectionalist by 1826 Vying for presidency on states’ rights • South (base of Democratic turned Whig) • Unhappy w/ Jackson’s nullification solution, bank removal, suspicion for internal improvement • North turned to Whig due to reformers • Whig committed to Clay’s Amer. System • Gov’t should help in reform: education, abolition, temperance • Anti-Masonry chapter 10

28. BANK CONTROVERSY & 2ND PARYT SYSTEM, Election of 1836 Martin Van Buren “J’s favorite” won Whig’s candidates: W. H. Harrison, Daniel Webster, WP. Mangum, & Hugh Lawson chapter 10

29. BANK CONTROVERSY & 2ND PARYT SYSTEM, Panic of 1837 Martin Van Buren came to office but then panic hit due to over speculation (J’s removal policy) Depression made poor receptive to William Miller (end of the world imminent) Int’l & domestic cause: J issued Specie Circular public lands must be paid in specie caused banks to stop issuing notes that fueled boom = Neck-breaking change that ended boom & caused panic of 1837 Britain limited outflow of its own species to US Van Buren, as pres. = Divorce Bill = divorce gov’t from banking = bad medicine Independent Treasury Bill Passed in Congress 1840 but Whigs repealed next year chapter 10

30. BANK CONTROVERSY & 2ND PARYT SYSTEM, Election of 1840 Martin Van Buren lost to Whig’s Harrison (67 yrs) Democrats attacked Harrison as “Old Granny” in log cabin sipping cider Became potent campaign symbol “rugged frontierman” Hero of Tippecanoe chapter 10

31. Map 10.2: The Election of 1840

32. THE RISE OF POPULAR RELIGION: 2ND The 2nd Great Awakening (CT 1790) Changes as popularity grew on frontier Jerking, barking “frontier frenzy” Methodist became successful in West Became largest Protestant denomination Prefered camp meetings; distained settled ministry Promoted law, order, and morality chapter 10

33. THE RISE OF POPULAR RELIGION: Eastern Charles G. Finney, lawyer turned minister “father of modern revivalism” He rejected Calvinism; asserted that people can will out of sin: evangelical People could make themselves of what they choose: “self-made” Recruited women chapter 10

34. THE RISE OF POPULAR RELIGION: Critics Unitarians (critics): Jesus not fully divine Attracted wealthy and educated Called revivals as “uncouth emotional exhibitions” Believed in character building through emulation of Jesus rather than emotion chapter 10

35. THE RISE OF POPULAR RELIGION: Mormon Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Later-Day Saints Claimed he discovered new revelation; undermined authority of the Bible; called himself 2nd Mohammad Sanctioned multiple wives Followers moved West Responded by poor and Indians chapter 10

36. THE RISE OF POPULAR RELIGION: Shaker Founded by Mother Ann Lee (illiterate) Called the United Society of Believers in christ’s Second Appearing “Shaker” derived fr. Convulsive ceremonial dances Evils of sexual relations/ followers abstained fr. Sex caused extinction Hostile to materialism (but great artisan); God both male & female chapter 10

37. Map 10.3: Religious and Utopian Communities, 1800–1845

38. THE AGE OF REFORMER : War on Liquor Temperance (Lyman Beecher) due to Annual per capita consumption over 7 gallons Distilled from surplus grain Victim of alcohol abuse: women & children Moral asuasion to legal prohibition Factory owners jumped on bandwagon chapter 10

39. (Chapter 10) Temperance Pledge This engraving of a breadwinner about to sign the pledge and join a temperance society underscores several important features of the movement. The engraving's publisher, identified at the bottom, doubtless printed many copies, intending them for sale to temperance societies and eventual distribution to reformed drunkards, who would hang them on their walls, just as one might frame and hang a diploma. To make temperance attractive, the engraver included a bountiful fount in the background, which suggests water as a cleansing and restorative alternative to alcohol. The reformed drunkard's wife and child are pointing the way to him. Although clergymen actively supported the movement, the temperance officials on the left clearly are not clergymen and the signing is not occurring inside a church. This suggests that at a time when drunkards were assumed to be male and church membership was mainly female, tying temperance to church attendance would have slowed the movement. The dress of the participants reveals much about the movement. At first glance, the breadwinner appears to be well dressed, but closer inspection indicates that there is a tear in his coat at his left elbow and a pants patch on his right knee. His hair needs help. In contrast, his wife's coiffure and dress suggest that she is a genteel lady, and the impeccable and rather formal dress of the temperance officials mark them of gentlemen of property and standing in the community. Thus, one may conclude that alcohol caused the gentleman breadwinner to fall from grace. • Why was the image of the family as a nest of harmony and virtue becoming so attractive during the antebellum period? • Why were voluntary associations coming to have such a potent appeal during the antebellum period? What does the engraving suggest about the social reasons that might prompt someone to join a temperance society?

40. (Chapter 10)Temperance Pledge

41. THE RISE OF POPULAR RELIGION:School Saw schools in equipping children for industrial societies Rural parents supported Horace Mann: financial burden from parents to state Extended schools from a few months to 10 months Promote uniform cultural values and combat ignorance chapter 10

42. THE RISE OF POPULAR RELEGION: abolition American Colonization Society Little outrage against slavery; believed blacks as degraded race & should be shipped to Africa Underestimated economic dependence on slavery Blacks were the main abolitionist at first William L Garrison, Frederick Douglass chapter 10

43. THE RISE OF POPULAR RELEGION: abolition Used language of revivals to describe slavery as sinful Not cohesive force; Some disdained politics & excluded women Garrison embraced women in movement Tactic: Flood Congress w/ petitions Southerners issued gag rule to prevent discussions of antislavery until JQ Adams led to its repeal in 1845 Distracted slavery issue to rights of free expression chapter 10

44. THE RISE OF POPULAR RELEGION: Women Grimke sisters, abolitionists, pushed for women’ts rights Quaker Lucrat Mot & Lucy Stone & Abby Kelley Race and gender are unimportant Less impact than other reforms like temperance & school, even abolition created commotion Voted in 1920, 55 yrs. After the 13th amendment chapter 10

45. THE RISE OF POPULAR RELEGION: Ayslums Efforts to combat poverty, crime, and insanity Penitentiary was created to substitute for parental discipline; solitary confinement Poor: from outdoor relief to indoor by belief in remove them fr. Their environment chapter 10

46. THE RISE OF POPULAR RELEGION:Utopian Robert Owen: pure environment shape people, cooperation better than competition Experimental communities Ralph Waldo Emerson was utopian but Oneida community in NY practiced communism (also in marriage) Extreme form of idealism chapter 10

47. Federalist vs. J Adams Democratic-Republican TJ, J Madison, J Monroe Democrat vs. National Republican Jackson vs. J Q Adams* Jackson * vs. H Clay Democrat vs. Whig (was Nat’l Republican) M Van Buren* vs. D Webster, Harrison, Mangum, Lawson M V Buren vs. Harrison* (J Tyler) Democrat vs. Republican (was Whig) James Polk: D Z Taylor: W Millard Fillmore: W F Pierce: D James Buchanan: D A. Lincoln: W (Andrew Johnson: D) U. Grant: R R. Hayes: R Garfield: R Name Change