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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Ground Rules of Metabolism. Energy. Energy = capacity to do work Potential Energy—stored energy in resting object Kinetic Energy—energy of motion. Thermodynamics. 1 st Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed Converted from one form to another

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Ground Rules of Metabolism

  2. Energy • Energy = capacity to do work • Potential Energy—stored energy in resting object • Kinetic Energy—energy of motion

  3. Thermodynamics • 1st Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed • Converted from one form to another • 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: Energy flows from organized to disorganized forms • Concentrated energy tends to disperse spontaneously • Moves from useable to non-useable energy • Chemical bonds resist this direction of energy flow

  4. thermodynamics • Entropy: Measure of randomness or disorder in a system • Organized energy = useable = less entropy • Disorganized = not useable = more entropy • Living things must maintain ongoing replacement of lost energy

  5. metabolism • All chemical reactions within a cell or organism • Reactants • Products • +=

  6. Chemical reactions • Anabolic • Building reactions (dehydration synthesis) • Endergonic—need energy • A + B + Energy = C • Usually not spontaneous • Catabolic • Breaking down reactions (hydrolysis) • Exergonic—release energy • C = A + B + Energy • Usually spontaneous

  7. Chemical Reactions • Activation Energy—minimum energy that can get a reaction to run on it’s own. • Cells control energy input into reactions, therefore controlling timing & speed of reactions.

  8. Chemical reactions • Endergonic coupled with exergonic • Released energy from one fuels other C = A +B + Energy D + E + Energy = F

  9. ATP • Energy source for cells • Created by photosynthesis or in mitochondria

  10. ATP

  11. ATP • Breaking down ATP releases energy • This powers cell fuctions • E.g. Active transport proteins

  12. ENzymes • Biological catalysts • Speed up chemical reactions • Don’t start reactions on their own • Reusable • Can catalyze in forward & reverse • Very specific!

  13. Substrate attaches to enzyme’s active site

  14. enzymes • Lowers activation energy • Makes reactions faster & easier

  15. Controls over enzymes • Concentration • Enzymes • Reactants • Products • Temperature • pH • Enzyme cofactors • vitamins

  16. Controls over enzymes • Inhibition • Competitive—binds to site first or more strongly • Non-competitive—binds to different area, changing enzyme bonding area

  17. Controls over enzymes • Feedback inhibition • Product of reaction binds to allosteric site • Shuts down reaction

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