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The Making of the Fittest: The Birth and Death Of Genes

DRAFT. DRAFT. The Birth of Genes. Mutation provides the raw material for the evolution of new genes. A mutation is a change in an organism's heritable information. Mutations occur when DNA is damaged or otherwise altered in such a way as to change its genetic message. There are two types of mutations: gene mutations and chromosomal mutations. Both types occur at random and may result in new phenotypes that are acted upon by natural selection. .

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The Making of the Fittest: The Birth and Death Of Genes

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    1. The Making of the Fittest: The Birth and Death Of Genes The molecular evolution of gene birth and death

    2. DRAFT

    3. DRAFT The Birth of Genes

    4. DRAFT Heritable Mutations

    5. DRAFT

    6. DRAFT Substitution mutations occur when a nucleotide base is replaced by another in the DNA sequence. Silent mutations have no effect on the translation of mRNA to amino acids. Missense mutations result in a single amino acid in the translated sequence being replaced with a different amino acid. A mutation which results in a “stop” codon being translated in place of a amino acid codon is called a nonsense mutation. Nonsense mutations cause a premature end to translation resulting in a truncated protein.

    7. DRAFT

    8. DRAFT Insertion and deletion mutations occur when one or more base pairs are inserted or deleted from the DNA sequence. Unlike most substitution mutations, base pair insertions and deletions usually have profound consequences on the resulting protein. Since mRNA is translated three codons at a time, insertion and deletion mutations change how all the mRNA downstream of the mutation is translated. Insertions and deletions are called frameshift mutations because they change the “reading frame” of translation. Frameshift mutations almost always result in a nonfunctional protein.

    9. DRAFT

    10. DRAFT

    11. DRAFT

    12. DRAFT

    13. DRAFT Types of Chromosomal Mutations

    14. DRAFT Cri-du-chat

    15. DRAFT Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

    16. DRAFT A Closer Look at Duplications

    17. DRAFT Duplicate Genes: Causes and Outcomes

    18. DRAFT

    19. DRAFT

    20. DRAFT Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1

    21. DRAFT Other Examples of Gene Duplication

    22. DRAFT Gene Duplication in Primate DNA

    23. DRAFT The Death of Genes

    24. DRAFT Examples of Gene Death

    25. DRAFT Gene Birth and Death in Icefish Hyperlink needs to be activatedHyperlink needs to be activated

    26. DRAFT Evolutionary Significance of Gene Birth and Death “Natural selection acts only in the moment. It cannot preserve what is no longer used, and it cannot plan for the future.” Dr. Sean Carroll, Into the Jungle

    27. DRAFT Resources: Campbell, Neil A. and Jane B. Reece. Biology, AP Edition. Eighth Edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing. San Francisco, California. 2008. Carroll, Sean B. In Cold Blood: The Tale of the Icefish, Chapter 9, Into the Jungle, Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, California. 2008 Deng, Cheng, et al. Evolution of an antifreeze protein by neofunctionalization under escape from adaptive conflict. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107, No. 50. December 14, 2010 Eichler, Evan, A burst of segmental duplications in the genome of the African great ape ancestor. Nature. February 11, 2009 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 2003 Holiday Lectures on Science, Learning from Patients – The Science of Medicine, Chevy Chase, Maryland, 2003. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation, Chevy Chase, Maryland, 2011 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Making of the Fittest: The Birth and Death of Genes, Chevy Chase, Maryland, 2011 Howard Hughes Medical Institutes, www.BioInteractive.org, DNA animations, Chevy Chase, Maryland, 2011 Raven, Peter H. and George B. Johnson. Biology. Ninth Edition. McGraw Hill Publishing. New York, New York. 2011. Zhang, Xhang, et al. Gene Duplication Adapts to Changing Environment. Nature Genetics (online). March 4, 2002

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