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Blood

Blood. Biol 105 Lecture 14 Chapter 11. Outline. Overview of blood Functions of blood Composition of blood Composition of plasma Composition of formed elements Platelets White blood cells Red blood cells Blood types Clotting Disorders. Blood: An Overview. Blood

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Blood

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  1. Blood Biol 105 Lecture 14 Chapter 11

  2. Outline • Overview of blood • Functions of blood • Composition of blood • Composition of plasma • Composition of formed elements • Platelets • White blood cells • Red blood cells • Blood types • Clotting • Disorders

  3. Blood: An Overview • Blood • A fluid connective tissue • Made up of: • 55% plasma (liquid) • 45% cellular components = formed elements. 6-2

  4. Functions of Blood • Transportation • Protection against invasion • Blood clotting • Regulation

  5. Blood: Functions – Transport • 1. Blood is the primary transport medium. • Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste 6-2

  6. Blood: Functions - Defense • 2. Blood defends the body against invasion by pathogens. • Blood contains white blood cells and antibodies 6-2

  7. Blood: Functions – Blood clotting • 3. Blood clotting prevents blood loss due to injury 6-2

  8. Blood: Functions - Regulation • 4. Blood has regulatory functions • Temperature • Salts • pH • Water 6-2

  9. Composition of Blood Figure 11.1

  10. Composition of Blood • Plasma • Liquid portion of blood (55% of blood volume) • Made up of 93% water and 7% dissolved substances. • Formed elements (45% of blood volume) • Solid portion of blood • Made of cells and platelets 6-4

  11. Composition of Plasma • Plasma proteins • Nutrients • Ions • Salts • Dissolved gases • Hormones • Waste products 6-4

  12. Plasma Proteins - Types and Functions • Albumins - Needed for the water-balancing properties of plasma • Globulins - Transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins • Clotting proteins – example: fibrinogen • Lipoproteins: HDL and LDL - Transport cholesterol • Antibodies - provide immunity 6-4

  13. This type of lipoprotein carries cholesterol away from the liver • HDL • LDL

  14. LDL is considered ______ cholesterol • Good • Bad

  15. The ratio between plasma and formed elements is: • 35:65% • 65:35% • 55:45% • 45:55:

  16. Composition of Formed Elements • Platelets – aid in blood clotting • White Blood Cells (WBC) – fight infection • Red Blood Cells (RBC) – carry oxygen • Stem cells give rise to all the formed elements • Stem cells are in the red bone marrow 6-5

  17. Formed Elements Figure 11.2

  18. Formed Elements - Platelets • Platelets are also called thrombocytes • They are fragments of larger precursor cells called megakaryocytes • Life span: 5 to 10 days • Function: Essential to blood clotting

  19. Plasma and Formed Elements Table 11.1 (1 of 3)

  20. Formed Elements - White Blood Cells • White blood cells (WBCs) – also called leukocytes • Life span: a few hours to a few days • Functions: • Help defend the body against disease • Remove wastes, toxins, and damaged and abnormal cells

  21. Formed Elements -White Blood Cells • Some squeeze through pores in the capillary wall therefore are also found in tissue fluid and in lymphatic system 6-8

  22. White Blood Cells Figure 11.3

  23. Types of WBCs • Neutrophils • Eosinophils • Basophils and mast cells • Monocytes • Lymphocytes – T cells, B cells, NKC 6-9

  24. White Blood Cells Table 11.1 (2 of 3)

  25. White Blood Cells Table 11.1 (3 of 3)

  26. White Blood Cells: Neutrophils • Most abundant and often the first to respond to an infection. • Phagocytes – engulf microbes (bacteria). 6-9

  27. White Blood Cells: Eosinophils • Eosinophils • Defend against parasitic worms • Lessen the severity of allergies and asthma 6-9

  28. White Blood Cells: Basophils and Mast cells • Basophils • Release histamine • A chemical that attracts other white blood cells • Causes the blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable • Also play a role in some allergic reactions • Mast cells are similar to basophils but are found in tissues

  29. White Blood Cells: Monocytes • Monocytes • The largest of the formed elements • Develop into macrophages • Phagocytic cells that engulf invading microbes, dead cells, and cellular debris

  30. White Blood Cells: Monocytes • Lymphocytes • B-cells protect us by producing antibodies • T-cells destroy any cell that has foreign • Natural Killer cells attack virus infected cells and tumor cells 6-9

  31. These WBCs release histamines • Eosinophils • Basophils • Neutrophils • Lymphocytes

  32. These WBCs fight parasite infections • Eosinophils • Basophils • Neutrophils • Lymphocytes

  33. The largest WBCs are • Lymphocyte • Eosinophils • Monocytes • Neutrophils

  34. Red Blood Cells Table 11.1 (3 of 3)

  35. Red Blood Cells • Red blood cells (RBCs) - also called erythrocytes • Most numerous of the formed elements • Transport oxygen to the rest of the cells • Carry about 23% of the total carbon dioxide • Shaped like biconcave disks and are very flexible • Life span: about 120 days – removed by liver and spleen (see page 209-210) • Mature RBCs have no nucleus

  36. Red Blood Cells Figure 11.4

  37. Red Blood Cells • RBCs contain Hemoglobin • A protein that binds to oxygen, making oxyhemoglobin • Hemoglobin has a much greater affinity for carbon monoxide, an odorless and tasteless gas

  38. Structure of Hemoglobin Each hemoglobinmolecule consistsof four polypeptidechains (globins). Each polypeptide chaincontains a heme groupwith an iron atom thatbinds to oxygen. Oxygen moleculesbind to hemoglobin Oxygen moleculesreleased Each hemoglobinmolecule can carryup to four moleculesof oxygen. Figure 11.5

  39. What is the role of oxygen in the body? • Oxygen is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain in cellular aerobic respiration

  40. What hormone increase production of RBC • renin • erythropoietin • leptin • RBCH

  41. Which of the following produces erythropoietin • Bone marrow • Kidneys • Anterior Pituitary • Hypothalamus

  42. Production of Red Blood Cells • When the body detects a low level of oxygen, the kidneys produce a hormone called erythropoietin • Erythropoietin is a hormone that speeds up maturation of stem cells that are in the process of becoming RBC. • The target of erythropoietin is the bone marrow, where red blood cells are formed

  43. Red Blood Cell Formation Figure 11.6

  44. Red Blood Life Cycle • See Pages 209 - 210

  45. Blood Types A, B and O • Genetically determined by the glycoproteins found on the surface of RBCs • Named by the antigen found on the surface of the cell • A • B • AB • O

  46. Blood Types A, B and O Table 11.2

  47. Blood Types A, B and O

  48. Blood Typing • Most common blood type: Type O • Rarest blood type: Type AB • Universal donor blood type: Type O • Universal recipient blood type: Type AB • The A B O system is used to determine the compatibility of donor’s and recipient’s blood. 6-14

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