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Consumer Behavior & DEMAND

Consumer Behavior & DEMAND. Ms S Chattopadhyay PGT Economics KV BallygungE. Content. Consumer’s Equilibrium Theory of Demand

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Consumer Behavior & DEMAND

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  1. Consumer Behavior & DEMAND Ms S Chattopadhyay PGT Economics KV BallygungE

  2. Content • Consumer’s Equilibrium • Theory of Demand • Price Elasticity of Demand

  3. CONSUMER’s EQUILIBRIUM

  4. CONSUMER’s EQUILIBRIUM • BASIC CONCEPTS • Consumer’s Equilibrium Using Marginal Utility Analysis • Consumer’s Equilibrium by Indifference Curve Approach

  5. Basic concepts I • Utility - Want satisfying power of a commodity . • Total Utility -Total satisfaction obtained by a consumer from consuming given amount of a commodity . • Marginal Utility - Change in total utility resulting from the change in consumption by one unit. MUn = TUn – TUn-1 .

  6. Basic concepts II • Law of Diminishing MU – As we consume more and more units of a commodity , the utility derived from each successive unit goes on diminishing. • Assumption – LDMU is based on certain basic assumptions like Rationality of the consumer, Continuous consumption, Uniform quality of the commodity consumed.

  7. Basic concepts III • Relation : TU & MU When TU increases at a diminishing rate , MU falls. ( Upto 4th Unit ) When TU reaches its maximum & constant, MU = 0 ( At 5th Unit ) When TU falls, MU < 0 ( Above 5th Unit )

  8. Consumer’s Equilibrium by marginal utility analysis( Cardinal Approach ) • Consumer Equilibrium : Meaning The situation when a consumer is having maximum satisfaction with given income and has no tendency to change his way of existing expenditure. • Condition of consumer equilibrium – In case of single commodity : MUxin terms of money = Px ( x : commodity ) i.eMUx/ MUm= PX ( MUm : MU of money )

  9. Consumer Equilibrium (in case of single commodity)

  10. Conditions of Consumer Equilibrium – In case of Two commodities ( X & Y ) : MU of last rupee spent on each commodity spent is same i.e. MUX /PX = MUY / PY Subject to Px . X + Py . Y = M M : Money income.

  11. Consumer Equilibrium ( In case of Two comm)

  12. Consumer’s Equilibrium by Indifference Curve Approach ( Ordinal Approach ) • Indifference Curve : Meaning A curve showing different combinations of two goods which give equal satisfaction to the consumer. • Indifference Map : Meaning A family of indifference curves is called an Indifference Map. Higher IC represents higher level of satisfaction.

  13. Monotonic Preference : Meaning • A consumer’s preferences are monotonic if and only if between any two bundles, he prefers the bundle which has more of at least one of the goods and no less of the other good as compared in the other bundle. • Example : Consumer prefers bundle (2,3) to bundles (2,2), (1,3) & (1,2). • Monotonicity of preferences implies that a point above IC represents a bundle which is preferred to the bundle on IC

  14. Slope of Indifference Curve / Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRSxy)  (i) MRSxy – The amount of one good (Y) which a consumer is willing to sacrifice for an additional unit of the other good (X). The rate at which the consumer trades off Y for X. (ii) The slope measures the substitution ratio between the two goods. (iii) Slope of IC = Y / X = MRSxy

  15. Properties Of Indifference Curve  (i) An IC slopes downward – If the consumer wants to have more units of one good, he will have to reduce the consumption of other good in order to maintain the same level of satisfaction. (ii) An IC is convex to the origin i.e. MRS is Diminishing – The consumer is willing to give up less and less unit of one good for an increment in the other (MU of the other falls with increase in consumption). (iii) Two ICs do not intersect each other. (Explanation may be given with diagram)

  16. Budget Line  • It shows all possible combinations of two goods that a consumer can buy with given income & prices of the commodities. • Budget Line : Px . X + Py . Y = M ( M : total income) • Slope of Budget Line = Px/Py i.e. the consumer can substitute good X for Y at the rate of Px/Py. Qy A (0, M/Py) •  Budget Line (AB) B (M/Px, 0) Qx

  17. Why is the slope of Budget Line represented by Price Ratio  • A point on budget line indicates a bundle which the consumer can purchase by spending his entire income. So, if he wants to have one more unit of one good ( say X) , he will have to give up some amount of the other good (say Y). • Suppose price of good X is Rs 4 per unit (Px=4) & that of good Y is Rs 2 per unit (Py= 2). So to get one extra unit of X , he has to sacrifice 2 units of good Y. • Slope of Budget Line = Unit sacrificed / Unit gained • = 2 / 1 • Price Ratio = Px / Py = 4 / 2 = 2/1 • Thus, slope of Budget Line = Price ratio

  18. Shift in Budget Line  • (i) Change in Income – when income rises consumer can buy more of both the goods , the budget line shifts rightward (parallel shift - slope remains same as no change in price) & vice versa. • (ii) Change in Price – ( change in slope) • Px falls / Px rises Py falls / Py rises • Qy A Qy A1 A Py falls Px falls A2   QxPy risesQx B2 B B1 B

  19. Conditions of ConsumerEquilibrium(IC) (i) Slope of IC = Slope of Budget Line i.e. MRSxy = Px/Py (ii) Diminishing MRS

  20. Consumer Equilibrium with IC • E : equilibrium point which shows the combination at which Slope of Budget Line = Slope of IC i.e. Px / Py = MRSxy

  21. Consumer equilibrium with IC  (contd…) (i) if MRSxy > Px/Py, to obtain one more unit of X, the consumer is willing to sacrifice more unit of Y than what the market requires i.e. he is willing to pay more for X than the price prevailing in the market. As a result, he buys more of X & MRS falls till it becomes equal to the ratio of prices. (ii) If MRSxy < Px/Py , to obtain one more unit of X , the consumer is willing to sacrifice lesser units of Y i.e. he is willing to pay less for X than the price prevailing in the market. As a result he buys less of X & more of Y & MRS rises till it becomes equal to the ratio of prices.

  22. THEORY OF DEMAND

  23. THEORY OF DEMAND • Basic Concepts • Determinants of Demand • Law of demand • Change in quantity demanded • Change in demand

  24. Basic Concepts • Demand  The quantity of a commodity the consumer is willing to buy at a particular price during a particular period of time. • Demand Schedule  A tabular presentation of various quantities of a good that consumers are willing to buy at different prices  Individual & Market Demand Schedule. • Demand Curve  A graphical presentation of various quantities of a good that consumers are willing to buy at different prices  Individual & Market Demand Curve.

  25. Determinants of Demand I • Price of the commodity – Inverse relationship between price of the commodity & its quantity demanded. • Prices of Related commodities – Two cases (i) Substitute Goods (eg. Tea& Coffee) – Direct relation between price of a commodity & demand for its substitute. (ii) Complementary Goods (eg. Ink & Pen) – Inverse relation between price of a commodity & demand for its complementary good.

  26. Determinants of Demand II • Income of the consumer – (Two cases) (i) Normal Good – Demand for the good increases with increase in income of the consumer. Direct relation. (ii) Inferior Good – Demand for the good decreases with increase in income of the consumer. Inverse relation. . Taste & preferences of the consumer – Favourable changes in taste & preferences of the consumer increases demand for a commodity. Direct relation. . Expectation of consumer about future change in price of the commodity –Direct relation . Size of population – Direct relation.

  27. Law of Demand • Statement – Other factors remaining same the demand for a good is inversely related to its price. • Example – Px10 20 30 Qx35 25 15 • Diagram – Inverse relation is represented by downward sloping demand curve. Px d Qx

  28. Change in Quantity Demanded • Expansion of Demand – Other things remaining same , demand for a commodity rises with fall in its price . Represented by downward movement along the demand curve. Eg. Px : 10 05 Qx : 15 20 • Contraction of Demand – Other things remaining same , demand for a commodity falls with rise in its price. Represented by upward movement along the demand curve.Eg. Px : 05 10 Qx : 20 15 • Diagram : Represented by the movement along the demand curve. Students should draw the diagram

  29. Change In Demand (i) Increase in demand  . Meaning : When higher quantity of a commodity is demanded at the same price due to change in other determinants of demand. . Example : Px 10 10 Qx 20 30 . Specific reasons : Change in determinants other than the price of the commodity eg. Increase in Income, Rise in price of substitute good, Fall in price of complementary good, Favourable change in taste & preference of the consumer etc. . Diagram : Represented by rightward shift of demand curve. (Students should draw the diagram.)

  30. (ii) Decrease in demand  . Meaning : When lower quantity of a commodity is demanded at the same price due to change in other determinants of demand. . Example : Px 10 10 Qx30 20 . Specific reasons : Change in determinants other than the price of the commodity eg. Decrease in Income, Fall in price of substitute good, Rise in price of complementary good, Unfavourablechange in taste & preference of the consumer etc. . Diagram : Represented by leftward shift of demand curve. Students should draw the diagram.

  31. Price Elasticity of demand

  32. Price Elasticity of demand • Meaning • Measurement of Price Elasticity of Demand - Total Expenditure Method, Point Method & Percentage Method. • Degrees of Elasticity of Demand • Factors affecting Price Elasticity of Demand.

  33. Price Elasticity of Demand • Meaning : It is a measure of degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to change in its price.

  34. Measurement of Price Elasticity of Demand I • Total Expenditure Method Elasticity is measured on the basis of nature of change in total expenditure on the commodity due to change in its price.

  35. Measurement of Price Elasticity of Demand II • Point Method  • Elasticity of Demand = (Lower seg. / Upper seg.) of demand curve • Price A (Ed = ∞) E(Ed >1) C (Ed = 1 : C - Mid-point) D(Ed < 1) B(Ed=0) Qty

  36. Measurement of Price Elasticity of Demand III • Percentage Method  • Ed = ( % change in Qty demanded / % change in Price) = ( change in Q / change in P ) X P/Q • The absolute value of the coefficient of elasticity of demand ranges from Zero to Infinity.

  37. Degrees of Elasticity of Demand

  38. Factors affecting Price Elasticity of Demand • Availability of close substitutes in market • Nature of commodity – necessary / luxury • Income level of the consumers. • Proportion of total expenditure spent on the product. • Time period needed to find substitute

  39. THANKS

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