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Chapter 11:

Chapter 11:. Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence. In This Chapter. Adolescence. Physical Changes Other Body Systems: Growth Spurts. First growth spurt. Second growth spurt. Muscle fibers Heart and lung Body fat levels Gender differences.

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Chapter 11:

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  1. Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

  2. In This Chapter

  3. Adolescence

  4. Physical ChangesOther Body Systems: Growth Spurts First growth spurt Second growth spurt Muscle fibers Heart and lung Body fat levels Gender differences • Cephalocaudal/proximodistal patterns • Joint development • Gender differences

  5. Physical ChangesThe Brain Two major growth spurts in teenage years 13-15 years: Largely related to parts of brain that control spatial perceptions and motor functions 15+ years: Changes in prefrontal cortex responsible for executive processing

  6. Physical ChangesThe Skeletal System

  7. Physical ChangesThe Muscular System What do you know about…? Growth patterns Gender differences

  8. Physical ChangesThe Heart and Lungs What do you know about…? Growth patterns Gender differences

  9. Physical Changes:Milestones of Puberty Puberty: Changes needed for reproductive maturity Endocrine glands Pituitary gland

  10. Milestones of Puberty

  11. Physical ChangesEndocrine and Reproductive Systems: Overview Thyroid gland Adrenal androgen Gender differences

  12. Physical ChangesSexual Development in Girls: Secular Trend Menarche: First menstruation Occurs 2 years after beginning of other visible signs Pregnancy can occur after menarche

  13. Physical ChangesEndocrine and Reproductive Systems: Sex Characteristics Primary sex characteristics • Growth of testes and penis • Growth of ovaries, uterus, and vagina Secondary sex characteristics • Breast development • Changing voice pitch • Beard growth • Body hair

  14. Physical ChangesSexual Development in Girls: Secular Trend Secular trend: Timing of menarche Lowering of the age of menarche by 4 months per decade Due mainly to changes in diet and lifestyle

  15. Physical ChangesSexual Development in Boys Sperm production begins between 12 and 14 First ejaculation about age 13 or 14 Genital development and pubic hair development precedes the end of the growth spurt. Development of beard and voice changes occur near the end of the sequence BOYS

  16. Physical ChangesSexual Development in Girls Heredity and behavioral factors influence hormonal secretions Major body changes before age 11 or 12; consistently more negative body image Social context influences change GIRLS

  17. Physical ChangesSexual Behavior: Overview Boys more sexually active than girls Reports of sexual intercourse varies across ethnic groups Rate declined substantially over last three decades

  18. Physical ChangesSexual Behavior: Early Sexuality Social Factors Social Factors

  19. Figure 11.1 Sexual Activity in High School Students Figure 11.1

  20. Physical ChangesPrevalence of Sexual Behavior Age of sexual activity initiation 1988 (15-19 yrs) 2008 (15-19 yrs) 60% Males 43% Males 51% Females 42% Females What do these data tell us?

  21. Physical ChangesSexual Behavior Girls who are sexually active • Early menarche • Low interest in school and school activities • Early dating • History of sexual abuse

  22. Physical ChangesSexual Behavior: Moral Beliefs Activities and moral beliefs influence lower sexual activity among teens who: • Believe premarital sex is wrong • Attend religious services • Participate in school activities • Do not use alcohol

  23. Physical ChangesSexual Behavior and Education Despite school units, teens show ignorance of STDs Fail to discuss condom use Abstinence and contraceptive education still controversial in many schools

  24. Adolescent SexualityAdolescent Pregnancy Higher in U.S. than many other industrialized countries. Far more frequent among older adolescents. Relative frequency of teens who are unmarried has increased but teen birth rates have dropped overall.

  25. Physical ChangesAdolescent Pregnancy Ethnic differences in teens who marry • African Americans • Hispanic Americans • Caucasian Americans

  26. Physical ChangesAdolescent Pregnancy Factors in teenage pregnancy Onset age of sexual activity Poverty and family influence Less school success Less contraception use

  27. Physical ChangesAdolescent Pregnancy What happens when teens get pregnant?

  28. Physical ChangesAdolescent Pregnancy: Children of Teen Mothers Negative Outcomes Achieve developmental milestones more slowly when infants Grow up in poverty Positive Possibilities • Negative effects can be mitigated by support from girl’s own parents • Staying in school and social programs positively help both child and mother

  29. Physical ChangesSexual Minority Youth Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents Realization Realization begins in middle school Few accept their homosexuality during adolescence Cause Prenatal hormone patterns may be causal factor in homosexuality Twin studies suggest biological basis

  30. Physical ChangesTransgendered Teens Transgender teen: Psychological gender differs from their biological sex Higher rates of depression and suicide Cause is debated

  31. Adolescent HealthSensation Seeking Sensation seeking: Desire to experience increased levels of arousal (through risky behavior) • Gain peer acceptance and autonomy from parents • Response to popular media’s messages • Brain growth

  32. Adolescent HealthDrugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco Use Teen use of drugs down but still a significant problem. Alcohol use is prevalent. Sensation-seeking is related to increased use of alcohol and drugs.

  33. Figure 11.2 Illicit Drug Use Trends Among Teenagers

  34. True or False The decline in teen use of illicit drugs is due to an increased and better understanding of consequences.

  35. Adolescent HealthDrugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco Tobacco Use Fewer teens are regular smokers than generation ago. Teens who are more likely to smoke are influenced by smoking peers.

  36. Adolescent HealthBody Image and Eating Disorders Eating disorder: Mental disorder in which eating behavior goes beyond everyday experiences with trying to lose weight • Anorexia nervosa • Bulimia

  37. Stop and Think! What contributes to or causes eating disorders?

  38. Adolescent HealthDepression and Suicide Incidence • Depression • Suicide Causes or contributing factors • Depression • Suicide Consequences • Depression • Suicide

  39. ? ? Questions To Ponder Who has advantages or disadvantages – early maturing boys or early maturing girls? What happens to late maturing boys or girls? Your friend suffers from anorexia or depression. How do you help her?

  40. Changes in Thinking And MemoryPiaget’s Formal Operational Thought Formal Operational Stage: Reasoning logically about abstract concepts Key elements

  41. Figure 11.3 Within-Stage Development in Formal Operations Figure 11.2

  42. Changes in Thinking And MemoryDirect Tests of Piaget’s Views on Formal Operations Tasks • Complex reasoning tasks • Metaphors • Decision-making Education levels influence use of formal operational thought

  43. Changes in Thinking And MemoryAdvances in Information-Processing Task improvement with age • Metacognition • Metamemory • Strategy use increase • Text learning

  44. Stop and Think! Research findings show achievement declines after entering high school. Why do you think such declines may occur?

  45. SchoolingTransition to Secondary School Is the goal the goal? Middle school • Task goals: Based on personal standards and desire to become more competent • Ability goals: Define success in competitive terms

  46. SchoolingMiddle School: Ability Grouping Emphasis on ability grouping Students may change beliefs about individual abilities • High achievers • Low achievers

  47. SchoolingMiddle School: School Climate Perception of school climate Successful intervention strategies • Mentor • Homeroom teacher • Student teams • Parental involvement

  48. SchoolingHigh School Success Early days of high school set pattern Activity participation helps develop psychological attributes

  49. SchoolingGender, Ethnicity, and Science and Math Achievement • Girls at risk for achievement losses in transition to high school • Gender gap widest among most intellectually talented students • Girls suffer in sciences not offering hands-on activities • Girls often discouraged from taking courses in science

  50. SchoolingGender, Ethnicity, and Science and Math Achievement Gender gap widens in math Ethnic variations exist Why?

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