Foreign Policy and Politics 1789-1800

1. Foreign Policy and Politics1789-1800 Harlan High School AP United States History James Greene March 2011

2. Major FP issues confronting the United States in the 1790s • Protecting America’s frontiers • Promoting overseas trade • Determining its role in European conflicts

3. Indian Trade and Intercourse Act of 1790 Indian nations treated as independent within U.S. but subject to U.S. sovereignty Federal government in charge of relations no trading without permit; land cessions by treaty with Federal government only Protecting frontiers:Indian Policies

4. Defined territory; land cession Whites excluded from Creek lands Offenses against Indians subject to Federal law Land cession Assist Creeks in becoming farmers Secret provisions Five Civilized Tribes: CreeksTreaty of New York, 1790

5. Northwest Confederation Little Turtle and Blue Jacket Contested Ohio and Indiana “Miami campaigns” Harmar’s Defeat, 1790 St. Clair’s Defeat, 1791 British push for Indian buffer state Northwest Indian War 1785-1795 Arthur St. Clair Little Turtle

6. Anthony Wayne Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794 Treaty of Greenville, 1795 Redefined boundaries Opened most of Ohio to legal settlement Little Turtle became U.S. supporter Northwest Indian War, 1794-95

7. The French Revolution • Affection for France as ally • Extension of American ideals of republicanism to Europe • Bill of Rights/Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen

8. The French Revolution • Excesses of the Terror • Execution of Louis XVI and his wife • De-Christianization of France • European conflict resulting from French attempts to defend and export revolution

9. Misinterpreted welcome Authorizing privateers Recruiting volunteers to attack Florida & Louisiana Demanding early payment of U.S. debt to France Official reaction: demanded recall Popular reaction: Democratic Societies “self-started” pressure groups Citizen Genêt, 1793

10. Madison and Jefferson Republicans Pro-French Support in our Revolution Republican ideals Shift trade to France Hamilton Federalists Pro-British Trade relations Britain as source of stability Emerging Parties

11. 1793 Proclamation 1794 Neutrality Act Neutrals could trade with belligerents Contraband=military supplies Free ships make free goods No recruiting on American soil No privateering out of American ports Washington: Neutrality “He had no desire to hazard the interests of his country in an attempt to ensure the survival of any foreign nation.” —John Ferling

12. Orders in Council: corn, wheat, flour banned Seizure of ships Impressment of sailors Occupation of posts along Great Lakes and attempts to expand presence Americans shut out of West Indies and other British colonial ports Dealing with British

13. Withdrawal from posts by 1796 Opened East Indian ports Opened West Indian ports to small ships Commissions to settle boundary disputes & claims Pay for seizures Jay’s Treaty, 1794

14. OUTCRY Idea of treaty with Britain Failure to “win” on Neutral rights Slave compensation Impressment House attempt to block execution leads to first Presidential claim of executive privilege Outcry and Acceptance • ACCEPTANCE • Peace on frontier • Value of trade with British

15. Spanish fears Free navigation of Mississippi Right of deposit at New Orleans 31st parallel as border of Florida Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney’s Treaty) Thomas Pinckney

16. Morocco, Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers Expectation of tribute Naval Act of 1794 Authorized six frigates Treaty with Algiers North African Pirates

17. The Union “the palladium of your political safety and prosperity” Americans first before local interests; interdependence among sections Dangers of partisanship “Virtue or morality is a necessary spring of popular government” Value of institutions of learning Pay off debts and don’t burden posterity with them Farewell Address, 1796Domestic Concerns

18. “Observe good faith and justice towards all nations; cultivate peace and harmony with all.” Extend trade but avoid preferential treatment “Steer clear of permanent alliances” Farewell AddressForeign Affairs

19. Key issue: Who should exercise power? Political Parties • REPUBLICANS • Will of the people • Power to the states • Strict constructionists • Conspiracy to undo the Revolution • FEDERALISTS • Government by elite • Power to the Federal government • Loose constructionists • Fear of the mobocracy

20. Foreign policy experience View of President as guardian of the people Viewed self as nonpartisan Political mistakes John Adams

21. French interference with American shipping XYZ Affair 1797-98 “Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute.” Robert Goodloe Harper Quasi-War with France Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord • War fever • Provisional army • Department of the Navy Charles Cotesworth Pinckney: “The answer is no! No, not a sixpence!”

22. 1795 French seized 300 ships 1797 French attacked ships offshore 1798-99 U.S. Navy reclaimed coastal waters and convoyed West Indian trade Quasi-War Constellation v. Insurgente, 1799

23. President could deport dangerous aliens Changed length of time it took to become a naturalized citizen Illegal to combine to impede operation of Federal law or to “procure” riots and other unlawful assemblies Crime to “write, print, utter, or publish” “false, scandalous, or malicious” things about President, Congress, or U.S. govt. or stir up sedition Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798

24. Jefferson/political move Compact theory of union Nullification Got Madison to write set for Virginia Madison’s concerns 10 states rejected and 4 did not act Would be remembered and resurrected on later occasions Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 1798

25. Napoleon Louisiana scheme Restored diplomatic relations Ended 1778 alliance Recognized U.S. as a player Freed U.S. to be able to pursue a truly independent foreign policy Restored peace with France Convention of 1800 Napoleon Bonaparte

26. Federalist split Election in the House 36 ballots 12th Amendment Election of 1800 Federalists: Adams and C.C. Pinckney Republicans: Jefferson and Aaron Burr