1 / 110

1914-Present Review By: Marisa Tome With Mr. Geoffrion as Supervising Editor

1914-Present Review By: Marisa Tome With Mr. Geoffrion as Supervising Editor. The Big Picture: Connections Causation, and Concepts. How do nationalism and self-determination impact on global events? Are world cultures converging? How

dympna
Download Presentation

1914-Present Review By: Marisa Tome With Mr. Geoffrion as Supervising Editor

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. 1914-Present ReviewBy: Marisa TomeWith Mr. Geoffrion as Supervising Editor

  2. The Big Picture: Connections Causation, and Concepts • How do nationalism and self-determination impact on global events? • Are world cultures converging? How • How do increasing globalization, population growth and resource use change the environment?

  3. Setting the Stage: The WWI Era • Most of the world was either colonized by Europe, or was once colonized by Europe • Industrial Revolution = more potential for destruction • Rise of nationalism => militarism • Unifications of Germany (1871) and Italy (1870)

  4. Shifting Alliances • Up to WWI, European powers tried to keep balance of power (by forming alliances) • Triple Alliance • Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy • Created by Otto von Bismarck [1880s] • Franco-Russian alliance [1890s] • Schlieffen Plan [1905] • German attack on France through Belgium • Triple Entente • Britain, Russia, and France [1905]

  5. Trouble in the Balkans • Ottoman empire kept loosing territories • Greece [1829] • Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro • Serbia wanted Bosnia and Herzegovina (under Austria-Hungary) • Russia allied with Serbia • Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austria-Hungary) and wife assassinated by Serbian nationalist GavariloPrincip

  6. World War I: The Great War

  7. U.S. Joins War • Declared neutrality • Preferred isolationism • German submarine sinks British passenger The Lusitania [1915] • 100+ Americans killed • German ships attacked U.S. merchant ships en route to Britain • Zimmermann telegram- intercepted by U.S. • Sent to Mexico by Germany to convince them to join forces with Germany to regain territory lost in Mexican- American War • April 2, 1917, America sides with Allies

  8. WWI Over • November 11, 1918 end of war • Impacts • Government took over industrial production, price controls, and rationing of products • Women moved into factories to help out • Women’s suffrage movement advancements

  9. The Treaty of Versailles • [1919] brought official end to World War I • Departed from President Wilson’s Fourteen Points • Punitive against Germany (blamed Germany for war) • Pay war reparations • Release territory • Cut down military • Weakened Germany’s economy • Bred resentment

  10. The League of Nations • President Wilson called for League of Nations • Leaders of Versailles agreed and created organization to preserve peace • Many nations (including the United States) did not join it.

  11. The Russian Revolution • February [1917] Czar Nicholas forced out • Alexander Kerensky established government • Shared power with local councils (soviets) • Wanted to stay in The Great War • [1918] working class Russians (represented by soviets) rallied behind Bolsheviks

  12. The Russian Revolution • Vladimir Lenin: April Theses • Peace, land for peasants, power to soviets • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Gave piece of western Russia to Germany • Dropped out of World War I • Established the Soviet Union

  13. The Red Army • [1918-1921] • Leon Trotsky • Against counterrevolutionary revolts • Effects • Increased distrust between Soviet Union and the west • Established a powerful army

  14. The Sick Man of Europe is Put Out of His Misery • Ottoman Empire joined Central Powers of WWI • Lost most of remaining land • Greeks attacked Ottoman Empire • Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) “the Father of Turks” led military against Greeks • Overthrew Ottoman sultan • [1923] first president of modern day Turkey • Secularized government against much opposition

  15. Soviet Union • [1920s] New Economic Policy (NEP) • Successful in agriculture • Joseph Stalin • Totalitarianism: absolute control by the state or a governing branch of a highly centralizedinstitution. • Five Year Plans • Collectivization: take over private farms and combine them into state-owned enterprise • Nationalized factories

  16. “The Great Purge” • Period of terror in USSR [1936-1938] • Under totalitarianism, Stalin used terror tactics to get nation to comply • Gov. killed enemies • Secret police force • False trials • Assassinations • Labor camps • Famines

  17. The Great Depression • After WWI, the United States becomes a creditor nation • Americans lent Europeans money, especially France and Germany • The Great Depression • U.S. Stock market crashed [October 29, 1929] • Stopped extending credit

  18. Fascism Gains Momentum • Main Idea: destroy the will of the individual in favor of “the people” • Wanted a unified society • Extreme nationalism

  19. Communist Totalitarianism vs. Fascist Totalitarianism -Extreme Right Wing -Rely on Traditional Institutions and Class Distinctions Extremely Nationalistic Nationalism Often Based on Racism -Extreme Left Wing -Destroy Traditional Institutions and Class Distinctions -Seek to Control Every Aspect of Life -Power Rests in Hands of a Single Militaristic Leader

  20. Fascism in Italy • National Fascist Party [1919] Benito Mussolini • Blackshirts: fight socialist and communist organizations • Mussolini named prime minister • [1926] Italy turned into totalitarian fascist regime

  21. Spain • General Franco takes control of large parts of Spain [1936] • [1939] capture Madrid and install dictatorship in Spain

  22. The Rise of Hitler • Weimar Republic after WWI • Reichstag: the republic’s elected body • National Socialist Part rose to power [1920s] • Adolf Hitler: leader, guide or fuhrer • Nazism: extreme nationalism; Aryan race most highly evolved • [1932] Nazis dominated German government • [1933] Hitler chancellor (leader) or Reichstag • Third Reich

  23. Nationalism in Europe vs Nationalism in its Colonies -Often Fueled Extreme Racism -National Pride = National Expansion -Nationalism = Self Determination -National Pride = National Sovereignty -Often Willing to Engage in Violence to Achieve this End

  24. Germany takes over • [1933] Hitler started to rebuild German military • Against Treaty of Versailles • Withdrew from League of Nations • [1935] took back the Rhineland • [1937] Germany makes alliance with Japan • [1938] annexed Austria and Sudetenland

  25. Munich Conference • [1938] • Hitler, Mussolini, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (England) • Germany gets Sudetenland for the promise to cease expansion • “Appeasement”

  26. Pacts • March [1939] Nonaggression pact with France, Greece, Turkey, Romania, and Poland • If any one attacked, all go to war • Nazi-Soviet Pact [August 1939] • Germany would not invade Soviet Union if Soviets stayed out of military affairs; secret plan to divide Poland

  27. Japan • Success of WWI leads to thriving economy • Aggression towards China • [1931] invaded Manchuria & renamed it Manchukuo • Withdrew from League of Nations • Anti-CominternPact [1936] • Against communism • [1937] Rape of Nanjing

  28. WWII • Germany invades Poland *Start of WWII • German tactic: blitzkrieg “lightening war” • Gained Holland, Belgium, France • Went for Britain • Battle of Britain [1940] • Britain effectively utilizes radar • Italy and Germany go for Greece • Balkans belonged to Soviet Union; voided Nazi-Soviet Pact

  29. Back to Japan • Tripartite Pact with Rome and Berlin • Invaded Indochina and other islands • U. S. tried to stay neutral • Froze Japanese assets in the U.S. • Japan threatened U.S. to lift sanctions; U.S. refused

  30. Pearl Harbor • [Dec. 7, 1941] Japanese bombed U.S. naval station in Hawaii at Pearl Harbor • U.S. declared war on Japan • Germany declared war on United States

  31. The Allies on the Offensive • Manhattan Project- secret in the United States to develop an atomic bomb • [June 6, 1944] D-Day • Allies land on beaches of Normandy and battle across France • [1942] Red Army (Soviets) defeat Germany at Stalingrad & advance west • [May 1945] Allies approach Hitler’s troops from east and west • Hitler commits suicide • War is over!

  32. War in the Pacific • Americans “island hopping” to take back islands from Japan • President Truman ordered dropping of atomic bombs on Japan • Hiroshima: [August 6, 1945] • Nagasaki: [August 9, 1945] • Japan surrendered; end of war

  33. The Holocaust Revealed • “The Final Solution” • Jews blamed for societal problems • ~6 million Jews killed • ~6 million Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, homosexuals, disabled people, and political dissidents killed

  34. The Peace Settlement • United States and Soviet Union become superpowers • Germany occupied by Allies • Prosecution and sentencing of Nazi officials • Japan forced to demilitarize & establish democracy

  35. Europe Torn to Shreds • Infrastructure and communities in Europe devastated • [1947] Marshall Plan instituted by U.S. • $$$ available to all European countries • Economies of Western Europe recovered

  36. Women • Women started working outside of home to compensate for men in the military • After war: • Women kept jobs • Sought higher education

  37. International Organizations • United Nations [1945] • Replaced League of Nations • Goal to mediate and intervene (if necessary) in international disputes between nations • The World Bank • International Monetary Fund • General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs • Changed name to World Trade Organization (WTO)

  38. The Cold War • [1945-1990s] • U.S. and Soviet Union vied for global domination • U.S.: capitalism and democracy • Soviet Union: communism (totalitarianism)

  39. “Spheres of Influence” • Drawn up by the Allies at conferences at Yalta and Potsdam • Germany divided into four regions under either France, Britain, U.S., or the Soviet Union • Soviet Union wanted Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria to be under influence • U.S. wanted countries to have free elections

  40. Divided Germany • [1948] French, Britain, and U.S. regions merged into one: West Germany • Soviet Union’s region became East Germany • Berlin in East Germany, but ½ owned by West Germany

  41. Berlin • Soviet Union wanted Berlin as sole part of East Germany • Set up Berlin Blockade • Blocked land access from the west • Berlin Airlift • West Germany sent aircraft carriers with food and fuel • [1961] Wall between east and west Berlin

  42. East vs. West Soviet Bloc “Soviet satellites” • East Germany • Poland • Czechoslovakia • Romania • Hungary • Formed the Warsaw Pact Western Bloc • Britain • France • Italy • Belgium • Netherlands • Norway • West Germany • Greece • Turkey • Formed NATO Iron Curtin: line between east and west dubbed by Winston Churchill. Western influence not permitted east, Easterners not permitted to go west.

  43. The Truman Doctrine • [1947] the United States explicitly stated that it would aid countries threatened by communist takeovers • containment • NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) • Military alliance of western bloc

  44. China • Fall of Manchu Dynasty [1911] • Chinese Revolution of [1911] • Sun Yat-sen • Three Principles of the People- nationalism, socialism, democracy

  45. China (cont) • Kuomindang (KMT) • Political party made by Sun Yat-sen • made the ruling party of China by Chiang Kai-shek • Japanese Empire invaded Manchuria and took over all of China [1930s]…Civil War on Hold • U.S. pumped money into KMT’s effort against Japan, Soviets not as active

  46. Mao Zedong • [1949] communists pushed Kuomindang out and into Taiwan (established the Republic of China there) • China becomes the People’s Republic of China; largest communist nation in the world • Focus on steel and agriculture • [1950s] Great Leap Forward: communes created • “Great Stumble Backward” local governments couldn’t produce high agricultural quotas. They lied and starvation led to ~30 million deaths

  47. Mao Zedong • Soviet Union withdrew support because China didn’t want to be under Soviet Union • Focus switched back to military • The Cultural Revolution: discourage anything approaching a privileged ruling class • Instituted reforms to erase western influence • Universities shut down • Elites sent to work on farms “cultural retraining” • When universities reopened, curriculum had only communist studies • LittleRedBook: collection of Mao Zedong’s teachings on communism

  48. Deng Xiaoping • [1970s] China opened up to western ideas • [1976] new leadership under Deng Xiaoping changed education policy • Entered joint ventures with foreign companies (profits and decisions shared) • Limited business and property ownership

  49. China • Economy expanding rapidly, however still communist political sense • Resisted government and social reforms • [1989] Tiananmen Square massacre • One million demonstrators converged, government troops opened fire and killed hundreds of people

  50. Korea • Korea invaded by Japanese • After Japanese lost WWII, Korea was supposed to be re-established as an Empire • Occupied by Soviet Union (north of 38 parallel) and the United States (south)

More Related