Understanding Nutrition: The Key to Health and Energy Balance

1. The Digestive System and Nutrition 13 Lesson 13.1: Nutrition Lesson 13.2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System Lesson 13.3: Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System

2. Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.1 Nutrition

3. Nutrition • energy • macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals

4. Energy=The ability of a system to do workHeat, Chemical, Kinetic, Potential • measuring the body’s energy use • Usually about the capacity to produce heat • Calories (C) • the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1Kg of H20 by 1 degree C • kilocalories • Metabolism- sum of the activities that keep you alive • basal metabolic rate • energy required for one day at rest ( in C) • varies by individual ( age, gender, height, BMI, fat % • EX: a 150 pound adult with 25% body fat has a BMR of 1500 C per day • We require 20-70% more calories than BMR based on activity level • Moderately active 14-18 M need 2400-2800, F need 2000 • Highly active M need 3200, F need 2400 • Sedentary?

5. Macronutrients, Vitamins, and Minerals • nutrients • substances needed for • energy • growth • maintenance Tischenko Irina/Shutterstock.com

6. Nutrients • Macronutrients • carbohydrates • proteins • fats (lipids) • Micronutrients • vitamins • Organic compounds needed to regulate processes • minerals • Elements like Ca and Fe required to maintain good health

7. Carbohydrates • sugars • starches • 1 gram supplies 4 Calories • one half of daily caloric intake should be from carbohydrates • No More than 25% of that should be from sugars

8. Proteins • made of amino acids (20) • essential amino acids (9) • must be part of diet • nonessential amino acids • body can make (12) • one gram supplies 4 Calories • one quarter of daily caloric intake from proteins Joshua Resnick/Shutterstock.com

9. Fats • Lipids- oils and fats • saturated fats- animal products, coconut and palm oil • Unsaturated- plant based • monounsaturated fats- canola and olive oil • polyunsaturated fats- corn/ soybean oils • trans-unsaturated fats (trans fats)- artificially produced

10. Fats • one gram supplies 9 Calories • minimize trans and saturated fat intake • Replace with monounsaturated fats • less than 25–35% of total calories from fat

11. Vitamins • chemicals needed for proper metabolism • types of vitamins • fat-soluble • may be stored in the adipose tissue • Not excreted- too much can be toxic • water-soluble • are not stored in the body • Are excreted in urine (color) • Coenzymes with protein- see pg 457 • vitamin deficiency- long term lack

12. Minerals • elements needed for proper body function • AMOUNTS VARY BY MINERAL • examples • Calcium- bone • Potassium- heart/ muscles • Iron- oxygen transport • Phosphorus- bone • Sodium- 1000/1500/3400

13. Water-Soluble Vitamins

14. Fat-Soluble Vitamins

15. Minerals

16. Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System

17. Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System • activities of digestion • layers of the alimentary canal • digestive organs and their functions

18. Activities of Digestion • (1) ingestion • getting food into the body • (2) propulsion • moving food along GI tract • (3) mechanical breakdown • breaks food into smaller pieces • increases surface area of food • (4) chemical breakdown • also known as digestion • enzymes • (5) absorption • digested food particles moved into blood • (6) defecation

19. Layers of the Alimentary Canal • mucosa • innermost layer • adjacent to lumen • submucosa • below mucosa • muscularisexterna • circular muscle • longitudinal muscle • serosa • outermost layer • peritoneum • visceral • parietal

20. Layers of the Alimentary Canal

21. Digestive Organs and Their Functions • the oral cavity • the nasal cavity • teeth and gums • salivary glands • pharynx • Esophagus • stomach • small intestine • liver and gallbladder • pancreas • large intestine • rectum, anal canal, and anus

22. Digestive Organs and Their Functions

23. The Oral Cavity • lips • tongue • cheeks • palate • hard • soft

24. The Nasal Cavity • passageway for air • uvula • hangs from soft palate • keeps food out of nasal cavity when swallowing

25. Teeth and Gums • gum • gingiva • teeth • deciduous • permanent • incisor • canine • molar

26. Anatomy of the Tooth

27. Salivary Glands • parotid • submandibular • sublingual • saliva • water • enzymes

28. Pharynx • nasopharynx • oropharynx • laryngopharynx • glottis • epiglottis

29. Esophagus • connects pharynx to stomach • peristalsis • muscle contraction changes size of tube • food is moved through GI tract

30. Stomach • regions • cardia • fundus • body • pyloric region • three layers of muscle

31. Lining of the Stomach • gastric gland • mucus-secreting cells • parietal cells • chief cells • enteroendocrine cells • protein-digesting enzymes • chyme formation • stomach contractions

32. Small Intestine • segments • duodenum • jejunum • ileum • lining • villi • intestinal crypts

33. Small Intestine • chemical breakdown • emulsification by bile • break down by enzymes • absorption into the blood • from capillaries to the blood • lacteal to lymph • vitamin B12

34. The Liver • functions of the liver • maintains nutrients in blood, converts one nutrient to another • stores nutrients and inactivates toxins • hepatic portal vein • parts of the liver • lobules • hepatocytes • blood vessels • bile canaliculi • bile salts • functions of the gallbladder • stores bile produced by liver • releases bile when fat-containing chyme is in duodenum

35. Liver and Gallbladder

36. Pancreas • pancreatic juices • contain digestive enzymes • glucose regulation • beta cells–insulin • alpha cells–glucagon

37. Large Intestine • regions • cecum • colon • ascending • transverse • descending • sigmoid

38. Rectum, Anal Canal, and Anus • rectum • anal canal • anus • sphincters • internal • external

39. Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition Lesson 13.3 Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System

40. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System • gingivitis and periodontal disease • plaque forms tarter • cardiovascular disease • gastroesophageal reflux disease • heartburn • ulcers • Helicobacter pylori

41. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System • gastroenteritis • inflammation of stomach or intestine • inflammatory bowel disease • chronic inflammation • ulcerative colitis • Crohn’s disease • constipation and diarrhea • infrequent or too frequent defecation

42. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System • hepatitis • inflammation of liver • pancreatitis • inflammation of pancreas • gallstones • bile forms crystals • cholecystectomy • cancer • digestive system cancers are common Roblan/Shutterstock.com

43. Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: tartar, gallstones, hepatitis, or ulcers. 1. Helicobacter pylori causes _______________. 2. Inflammation of the liver is _______________. 3. Plaque forms _______________. 4. Crystals of bile are _______________.