Day 79: The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865-1877

1. Day 79: The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865-1877 Baltimore Polytechnic Institute January 3, 2011 A.P. U.S. History Mr. Green

2. The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865-1877 Objectives: Define the major problems facing the nation and the South after the Civil War. Describe the responses of both whites and African Americans to the end of slavery. Analyze the differences between the presidential and congressional approaches to Reconstruction. Explain how the blunders of President Johnson and the resistance of the white South opened the door to the Republicans’ radical Reconstruction AP Focus The Union victory is significant in transforming and diversifying the South’s production. It also represents the defeat of the planter-slaveholder and the continued rise of the industrial capitalist. In the aftermath of the war, especially in those southern states that reenter the Union under Johnson’s lenient plan, Black Codes again segregate and subordinate the South’s blacks. Organizations, such as the Ku Klux Klan and the Knights of the White Camellia, use violence and intimidation to deny blacks access to institutions, such as voting, that would improve their lives. Blacks are reduced to a form of slavery without chains, in that they are economically dependent and subservient to the owner of the land on which they are sharecroppers.

3. Chapter Focus Chapter Themes • Johnson’s political blunders and Southern white recalcitrance led to the imposition of congressional military Reconstruction on the South. Reconstruction did address difficult issues of reform and racial justice in the South and achieved some successes, but was ultimately abandoned, leaving a deep legacy of racial and sectional bitterness. During Reconstruction, the Constitution was strengthened with the Fourteenth (citizenship and equal protection of the laws) and Fifteenth (black voting rights) Amendments, but it was also tested with the conflicts between the president and Congress that culminated in an impeachment process.

4. Announcements Decades Chart 1860’s-Due Today Focus Questions Chapter 22-Due January 4

5. The Baleful Black Codes Black codes-regulated the affairs of the emancipated blacks Created the share-cropping class of emancipated blacks and landless whites African-Americans not allowed to 1. Serve on a jury 2. Rent/own land 3. Punished for idleness The North looked down on the South for this reaction

6. Congressional Reconstruction Many ex-Confederates won state elections as senators and representatives The North enjoyed free reign during the war Morrill Tariff, Pacific Railroad Act, Homestead Act With newly freed slaves, the South population was about to explode and increase their power Johnson claims southern states must conditions on Dec 6, 1865

7. Johnson clashes with Congress Johnson vetoed and Congress overrode the Civil Rights Bill of 1866 14th Amendment 1. Civil Rights/Citizenship 2. reduced representation if a state denied African-Americans the right to vote 3. disqualified former Confederates as federal office-holders 4. guaranteed federal debt/repudiated Confederate debt

8. Swinging “round the circle with Johnson” Johnson’s lack of vote-getting in the mid-terms of 1866 resulted in a 2/3 majority for the Republicans in both houses of Congress

9. Republican Principles and Programs Charles Sumner-led radicals in the Senate Thaddeus Stevens-led radicals in the House Radical Republicans keep Southern states out as long as possible use federal power Moderate Republicans restrain states from denying citizens’ rights limited federal authority had the upper hand

10. Reconstruction by the Sword Congressional Reconstruction Act-March 2, 1867 5 military districts in the South disfranchised former Confederates Readmission ratify 14th amendment state guarantee of full suffrage to blacks 15th amendment Women Rights were not addressed at this time Elizabeth Cady Stanton/Susan B. Anthony not supportive of the 14th/15th amendment Scalawags-former Unionists/Whigs that were corrupt Carpetbaggers-northerners seeking power in the South politically or economically or both

11. Homework • Continue Reading Chapter 22 • Prepare for 10 question reading check on Chapter 22 on Wednesday • Study guide will be distributed on Friday for Mid-Term