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LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT

5. A Topical Approach to. LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT. Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development. John W. Santrock. Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development. Motor Development Sensory and Perceptual Development Perceptual-Motor Coupling. Motor Development. Dynamic Systems Theory.

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LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT

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  1. 5 A Topical Approach to LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development John W. Santrock

  2. Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development • Motor Development • Sensory and Perceptual Development • Perceptual-Motor Coupling

  3. Motor Development Dynamic Systems Theory • Seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting • Motivation leads to new motor behavior • Nervous system • Physical properties of body • Requires active efforts

  4. Motor Development 0 Sample ReflexesNewborn reflexes Sucking reflex Automatic sucking object placed in newborn’s mouth Rooting reflex Reaction when infant’s cheek is stroked or side of the mouth is touched Moro reflex Startle response in reaction to sudden, intense noise or movement Grasping reflex Occurs when something touches the infant’s palms; the infant responds by grasping tightly

  5. Motor Development Gross Motor Skills • Motor skills that involve large-muscle activities • Infancy - Learning to walk • Childhood - Improve running, jumping, climbing, learn sports skills • Adolescence - Skills continue to improve • Adulthood - Peak performance of most sports before 30. Slow declines with age.

  6. Motor Development Milestones inGross Motor Development

  7. Motor Development Movement and Aging

  8. Motor Development Fine Motor Skills • Involve more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity • Infancy - Reaching and grasping • Early Childhood - Pick up small objects, build towers • Childhood and adolescence - Writing and drawing skills emerge and improve. By 10-12, can do crafts, play musical instruments • Adulthood - speed may decline in middle and late adulthood, but most use compensation strategies

  9. Motor Development Origin and Development of Handedness • Genetic inheritance • Right-handedness dominant in all cultures • Hand preference possibly occurs in the womb

  10. Motor Development Handedness and Other Characteristics • Left-handers more common among • Mathematicians • Musicians • Architects • Artists

  11. Sensory and Perceptual Development What Are Sensation and Perception? • Sensation—occurs when information contacts sensory receptors • Perception—interpretation of sensation

  12. Sensory and Perceptual Development The Ecological View • People directly perceive information in the world around them • Perception brings people in contact with the environment to interact with it and adapt to it. • Affordances—opportunities for interaction offered by objects necessary to perform activities

  13. Sensory and Perceptual Development Studying Infant Perception • Visual preference method—developed by Fantz to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another • Habituation and Dishabituation • Habituation—decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations • Dishabituation—recovery of habituated response after change in stimulation • Tracking —use equipment to follow head and eye movements

  14. Sensory and Perceptual Development Infants’ Visual Perception

  15. Size constancyRecognition that object remains the same even though the retinal image changes • Shape constancyRecognition that object remains the same even though its orientation changes Sensory and Perceptual Development Perceptual Constancy

  16. Sensory and Perceptual Development Vision in Childhood • Improve at color detection, visual expectations, controlling eye movements (for reading) • Preschoolers may be farsighted • Signs of vision problems • Rubbing eyes, blinking, squinting • Irritability at games requiring distance vision • Closing one eye, tilting head to see, thrusting head forward to see

  17. Sensory and Perceptual Development Aging Vision • Loss of Accommodation - presbyopia • Decreased blood supply to eye - smaller visual field, bigger blind spot • Slower dark adaptation • Declining color vision - in green, blue, violet part of spectrum • Declining depth perception - problems with steps or curbs

  18. Sensory and Perceptual Development Glare Vision and Aging

  19. Sensory and Perceptual Development Diseases of the Eye • Cataracts—thickening eye lens that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted • Glaucoma—damage to optic nerve because of pressure created by buildup of fluid in eye • Macular degeneration—involves deterioration of retina

  20. Sensory and Perceptual Development Hearing

  21. Sensory and Perceptual Development Other Senses

  22. Sensory and Perceptual Development Intermodal Perception • Ability to relate and integrate information about two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing

  23. Perceptual-Motor Coupling Perceptual-Motor Coupling • Perceptual and doing had been considered separate processes • Experts now suggest they are linked • Perception guides action • Action educates perception

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