Chapter 11: Industry

1. Chapter 11: Industry The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

2. why do geographers care about industry? • Geography and Industry • Location…Location…Location • Most important is the spatial relationship between raw material, market, and site factors • Read Case Study p. 344: “Maquiladoras in Mexico”

3. Origins of Industry Industrial Regions Key Issue 1: Where is industry distributed?

4. Where is Industry Distributed? • Origin of industry • Industrial Revolution: A technological transformation of production and transportation associated with the abundant power from steam engines • Originated in N. England and S. Scotland in the 18thC. • Diffused during the 19th to the rest of Europe and N. America and to other regions during the 20th C. • The root of the Industrial Revolution was the development of several inventions that transformed the way goods were manufactured, creating an unprecedented expansion in productivity • A higher standard of living was the result • The Industrial Revolution was sited as the cause for the population growth into Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition

5. Where is Industry Distributed? The single most important invention for factories was the steam engine, invented by James Watt

7. Where is Industry Distributed? • From cottage industries to the Industrial Revolution • Impact of the Industrial Revolution especially great on iron, coal, transportation, textiles, chemicals, and food processing

8. Industrial Areas in Europe Figure 11-4

9. Industrial Areas in North America Figure 11-5

10. Industrial Regions Figure 11-3

11. Proximity to Inputs Proximity to Markets Ship, Rail, Truck, or Air? Key Issue 2: Why are situation factors important?

12. Proximity to inputs • Bulk-reducing industries • An Industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final product • To minimize cost an industry will locate near the source of inputs • Cost and location consideration is location of Energy • Examples: • Copper: Bulk Reducing • 1. Mining • 2. Concentration • 3. Smelting • Steel: Changing Inputs • 1 Iron Ore • 2. Coal Figure 11-8

13. Proximity to markets • Bulk-gaining industries • Bulk Gaining Industry makes something that gains volume or weight during production • To minimize cost Bulk Gaining will locate close to where it is sold • Examples: • Fabricated metals • Machinery • Motor Vehicles • Located in the interior of the U.S. between Michigan and Alabama: The “Auto Alley” • Beverage production • Beverages (Beer and Soft Drinks) • Single-market manufacturers • Specialized Manufacturing • Parts for Motor Vehicles • Perishable products • Milk, Bread, Figure 11-10

14. Ship, rail, truck, or air? • The farther something is transported, the lower the cost per km/mile • Cost decreases at different rates for each of the four modes • Truck = most often for short-distance travel • Train = used to ship longer distances (1 day +) • Ship = slow, but very low cost per km/mile • Air = most expensive, but very fast • Modes of delivery are often mixed • Large containers facilitate the timely transfer between modes • Cost rises each time transfers are facilitated • Break-of-Bulk Point is a location for many companies who use multiple modes where transfer of transportation modes is possible, such as a sea port, or an airport

15. Labor • The most important site factor • Workers and Labor • Labor-intensive industries • An industry where wages and other employee compensations constitutes a high percentage of expenses. • Examples: textiles • Textile and apparel spinning • Treatment of fiber to create yarn from natural or human made material • Textile and apparel weaving • Weaving or knitting of yarn into fabric • Textile and apparel assembly • Cutting and sewing of fabric; assembly into clothing and other products

17. Cotton Yarn Production Figure 11-16

18. Woven Cotton Fabric Production Figure 11-17

19. Production of Women’s Blouses Figure 11-18

20. Land & Capital • Rural sites • Early factories were multistoried buildings in cities • Modern factories are single story buildings on the out-skirts of cities • Environmental factors • Early factories were located near rivers • Modern factories often take into account other sources of power • Capital • Borrowed money to finance industry is important for LDCs and MDCs Figure 11-20

21. Attraction of New Industrial Regions Renewed Attraction of Traditional Industrial Regions Key Issue 4: Why are location factors changing?

22. Attraction of new industrial regions • Changing industrial distribution within MDCs • To minimize labor costs some manufacturers are locating to places where wage rates are lower than in traditional industrial regions • Interregional shift within the United States • Shift from the North-east to the South and West • Right-to-work laws: the law requires a factory to maintain an “open shop” and prohibits a “closed shop.” Closed shop mean only union employees may work in the factory. • Southern States; more difficult for unions to organize and develop collective bargaining • Textile production • Early 20th century New York’s garment district housed a large percentage of textile and apparel industry • Moved to the south in the mid 20th Century for lower wages

23. Changing U.S. Manufacturing Figure 11-21

24. Manufacturers of Men’s and Women’s Socks and Hosiery Figure 11-22

25. Interregional shifts in Europe • Support and assistance from the European Union to industries willing to relocate to economically distressed peripheral areas • Diffused from traditional Northwestern European industrial centers • Convergence shifts • Primarily eastern and southern Europe where incomes are lower • Competitive and employment regions • Primarily Western Europe’s traditional core industrial areas which have experienced job loss in recent years Attraction of new industrial regions

26. European Union Structural Funds Figure 11-23

27. Attraction of new industrial regions • International shifts in industry since 1970 • East Asia • Includes China, Japan, and S. Korea (a leading producer of steel and fabricated metal products including motor vehicles) • South Asia • India, with one of the fastest growing economies leads the world in textile manufacturing. Motor vehicle production is on the rise. • Latin America • Low wage region in Mexico • Maquiladora plants have located in Mexico’s North to be near the U.S., Mexico’s largest market • Changing distributions • Steel manufacturing and textiles has been most impacted by new locations due to cheaper markets other than the U.S. and Europe • Outsourcing • Despite transportation costs MDCs can profitably transfer much of the steps of manufacturing to low paid, less skilled workers in LDCs

28. World Steel Production Figure 11-24

29. Global Production Figure 11-25

30. Apparel Production and Jobs in the United States Figure 11-26

31. attraction to traditional regions • The reason for renewed attraction is Proximity to skilled labor and Rapid Delivery to market • Fordist, or mass production (pioneered by Henry Ford) • Each worker was assigned a specific task to perform repeatedly • Most workers did not need an education or skill specialization to do their job • Post-Fordist, or lean production (pioneered by Toyota) • Workers are placed in teams and told to figure out a variety of tasks • A problem is addressed through arriving at consensus • Workers in a factory are treated alike and managers don’t get special treatment • Just-in-time delivery • A type of industry that delivers goods frequently (daily, or hourly) • It saves time for management by eliminating wasteful inventory • Two types of disruptions can occur with “Just In Time” delivery: • Labor unrest, or an Act of God

32. Electronic Computing Manufacturing Figure 11-28

33. Women’s and Girls’ Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing Figure 11-29

34. The End. Up next: Services