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Safavids and Mughals

Safavids and Mughals. Chapter 20. House quiz!. Who were the ancient rivals of the Safavids they defeated? Under which ruler did the Safavids reach their height? What year did the Safavid empire end? Who founded the Mughals? What religion did Akbar I found?

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Safavids and Mughals

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  1. Safavids and Mughals Chapter 20

  2. House quiz! • Who were the ancient rivals of the Safavids they defeated? • Under which ruler did the Safavids reach their height? • What year did the Safavid empire end? • Who founded the Mughals? • What religion did Akbar I found? • Which two shahs followed Akbar I?

  3. Who were the ancient rivals of the Safavids they defeated? • Ozbegs • Under which ruler did the Safavids reach their height? • Abbas I • What year did the Safavid empire end? • 1722 • Who founded the Mughals? • Babur • What religion did Akbar I found? • Din-i-Ilahi • Which two shahs followed directly Akbar I? • Jahangir and Shah Jahan

  4. Safavids- the Shi’a Muslim Empire

  5. Safavids • How did the Safavids rise to power? • Rose from struggles of Turkic nomads post-Mongols and Timur • Origin in family of Sufi mystics • Sail al-Din begins jihad in 14th century- fails originally • After local struggles, Ismail takes Tabriz in 1501, proclaims himself shah • Conquers most of Persia next decade, defeating Ozbegs • Fought Sunni Ottomans at Chaldiran in 1514

  6. Safavid Politics • Which three factions were competing for power? • Turkic chiefs become warrior nobility- assigned local villages • Most powerful get imperial posts • Shahs recruited Persians into court & bureaucracy • Slave boys recruited into bureaucracy & army • Rose to positions of power, monopolized firepower

  7. Safavid Religion • What change occurs in Shi’a Islam’s role in the government? • Originally, a call to power- militant • Becomes scholarly- Mullahs • Shi’ism becomes integral to identity of Iran

  8. Safavid Demise • How did the Safavids fall? • Abbas I fear of being usurped lead to all legit successors killed or blinded • Practice of isolating princes leads to sharp fall in quality of rulers • March 1722, Isfahan falls, ends the empire

  9. Comparison! Ottomans and Safavids • Similar • Both dominated early by warrior aristocracts that gradually retreated to their estates • As empire declined, demands of landlords grew • Early rulers encouraged growth of handicraft production & trade • Women subordinated as usual • Different • Ottomans gained from dhimmis- long-distance trade connects

  10. Mughal Empire- The Muslim Empire of INdia

  11. Rise of Mughals • How did the Mughals form? • Babur wants to get his lost kingdom back • Failed, conquered most of India instead • Babur a genius soldier, terrible admin • Humayna takes over, deals with attempts to revolt post-Babur • Defeats his bro, Afghan and Rajput armies invading capitol- flees to Persia for 10 yrs, returns in 1556 and restores rule in North India

  12. Akbar’s Golden Age • Why was Akbar so great? • Social policies and admin genius • Reconciled with Hindu majority and princes • Intermarriage, abolished the jizya, promoted Hindus in gov’t, new Hindu temples, ordered Muslims to respect cows • Viewed tolerance as first stage to ended sectarian divisions • Pushes for social change- improve calendar, living quarters for beggars, regulate alcohol • Better social standing for women- widow remarriage, child marriage, prohibited sati, discouraged purdah

  13. Akbar’s Politics • What was political organization during Akbar’s reign? • Warrior aristocrats core of Mughals • Granted villages, must have cavalry and to be on call • Court/central bur supported by revenues from tribute by military retainers • Local notables left in place if they swore loyalty and paid on time

  14. Post-Akbar shahs • How did Jahangir & Shah Jahan affect the Mughal Empire? • Mughal armies dwarf Euro armies • Poverty in low class & lack of military discipline • Fallen behind in tech • Continue policy of tolerance & retained alliances • Became interested in “enjoying the good life” • Patrons of fine arts • Blended Persian and Hindu aspects • Strong-willed wives took advantage of uninterested emperors

  15. Mughal Decline • How did Aurangzeb bring about the decline of the Mughals? • Good leader, but concerned about wrong things • Determined to control all of India • Wanted to purify Islam from Hinduism • Extension increased adversaries, strained allegiances, overextended the obsolete military • War diverted his time from admin & reform • Empire largest it had been • Marattas rebellion, rise of Sikhs

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