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WILD CHEMISTRY

WILD CHEMISTRY. ChemEd 2013 Brian Rohrig Metro Early College High School Columbus, OH blrohrig@columbus.rr.com. How many species of living things on earth (not counting bacteria)?. 8.7 million. MEASUREMENT. 1. Largest living organism?. Honey Mushroom in eastern Oregon—

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WILD CHEMISTRY

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  1. WILD CHEMISTRY ChemEd 2013 Brian Rohrig Metro Early College High School Columbus, OH blrohrig@columbus.rr.com

  2. How many species of living things on earth (not counting bacteria)? 8.7 million

  3. MEASUREMENT 1. Largest living organism? Honey Mushroom in eastern Oregon— measures 10 square kilometers with an average depth of 1 meter.

  4. Volume in cubic meters? 10,000,000

  5. 2. Heaviest animal? Great Blue Whale (190,000 kg)

  6. How many tons? a. 20 b. 200 c. 2000 d. 20,000

  7. How many tons? b. 200

  8. 3. Mass of the world’s smallest bird in grams—the Bee Hummingbird of Cuba? 1.8 grams

  9. 4. The world’s largest egg is from what bird? Elephant Bird (30 cm by 20 cm)

  10. What is the volume of this egg? “The shape of an egg can be thought of as two halves of ellipsoids with different radius dimensions. One has radii of A, A, and B; the other has radii of A, A, and C. The volume is given by the formula:(1/2)(4π/3)A2B + (1/2)(4π/3)A2C”= (2π/3)A2(B+C) = 2/3 п 102 (30) = 6300 cc (http://www.had2know.com/academics/egg-surface-area-volume-calculator.html)

  11. 5. The largest egg laid by a living bird is from the . . . OSTRICH

  12. Mass of an ostrich egg . . . 1.5 kg

  13. One ostrich egg is equivalent to ______ chicken eggs.

  14. DENSITY Why do penguins have solid bones?

  15. Penguins primarily feed on . . . FISH which live . . . UNDERWATER

  16. Rainbow Trout (fresh water) What is the density of this fish, while staying in one place underwater?

  17. Yellow Tang (salt water) What is the density of this fish, while staying in one place underwater?

  18. Does this fish weigh 21 kg?

  19. Swim bladder comprises approximately 5% of total volume of fish in salt water species, but 7% in fresh water species. Because the swim bladder lies below the dense backbone, the center of buoyancy is usually just below the center of mass, which is why fish go “belly up” when they die

  20. Distended stomach of grouper If fish caught in deep water, swim bladder expands on way up and ruptures, releasing gas into body cavity.

  21. Columbian Shark What do you think the density of this shark is? Specific Gravity : 1.005 - 1.010, saltwater as adults (1.020 - 1.025)

  22. Sharks lack a swim bladder, but compensate with an extremely large liver filled with oil, 85% of it being squalene— a polyunsaturated liquid hydrocarbon (C30H50) with a specific gravity of .858

  23. Ion Replacement: “Some marine invertebrates, such as squid and shrimp, replace heavier ions with lighter ones. For example, some species replace Sulfate (96 u) ions with chloride (35.5 u) ions. [Seawater (with sulfate) has a density of 1.026, but the same concentration of NaCl has a density of 1.020] Still other species replace sodium (23 u) ions with ammonium (17 u) ions.” (http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/ docs/icb.topic25222 3.files/Week%2013%20Lectures /OEB191_buoyancy.pdf)

  24. “A vacuole inside the Antarctic marine zooplankton Calanoidesacutuschanges its density and buoyancy by having a wax ester that changes from a liquid to a solid at the cold temperatures.” (asknature.org)

  25. “The mobile foot of the aquatic violet snail creates a raft by collecting air bubbles and enveloping them in mucus.” (asknature.org)

  26. Diving Bell Spider Net diffusion of O2 into bell and CO2 out – due to differences in partial pressure

  27. "As the spider consumes oxygen from the air in the bell, it lowers the oxygen concentration inside. The oxygen can decrease below the level of dissolved oxygen in the water, and when this happens, oxygen can be driven into the bubble from the water.“ (http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/13614742)

  28. Adaptations to high pressure: Lack of swim bladders and other air-filled spaces, to avoid compression and the bends. Liquids cannot be compressed Blobfish

  29. High pressure distorts complex biomolecules, such as proteins and cell membranes. Used by food companies to sterilize food: High Pressure Processing (HPP) uses pressures up to 5500 atm to kill microorganisms

  30. High pressure sterilizers utilize high pressure hydraulic fluids, typically water, at moderate temperatures to sterilize food and beverage products.

  31. Some deep-sea organisms contain • "piezolytes" (from the Greek "piezin" • for pressure) to withstand high pressure • These large biomolecules are not • distorted under high pressure • A common piezolytesis  • trimethylamineoxide (TMAO) , • which produces the “fishy” smell of fish • The deeper the depth of the fish, the • more “fishy” they tend to smell!

  32. TMAO Grenadier or rattail fish

  33. Gigantism common in deep-sea creatures Giant Squid – up to 13 m long

  34. Giant Isopods (up to 76 cm long)

  35. King of herrings oarfish – up to 11 m long (unconfirmed up to 17 m) World’s largest bony fish

  36. Giant amphipod recently discovered at depth of 7000 m near New Zealand – 33 cm long

  37. Up to 2.4 m long – live near hydrothermal vents

  38. Can whales get the bends?

  39. Bioluminescence or cold light – using chemical reactions to produce light

  40. According to scientists from NOAA, 90% of animals in waters below 500 m exhibit bioluminescence!

  41. Bioluminescence is generated by an enzyme-catalyzed chemoluminescencereaction, in which the pigment luciferin is oxidized by the enzyme luciferase.

  42. Edith Widder: “The weird, wonderful world of bioluminescence” TED talk

  43. Fireflies use nitric oxide to control their flashes. NO causes mitochondria to briefly shut down, which releases a pulse of oxygen that triggers an enzyme to turn on light. HOW DO FIREFLIES CONTROLTHE RATE OF FLASHING?

  44. DO FIREFLIES FLASH FASTER IN WARM WEATHER? Fireflies flash faster in warmer weather, since photocytes are same temperature as surroundings, since fireflies are cold-blooded. In warmer water, less activation energy required to initiate the reaction and reaction rate is faster.

  45. To determine temperature in degrees F, count number of field cricket chirps in 15 sec and add 37. • For degrees C, count number of chirps in 8 seconds and add 5 • As outside temp. increases, so does metabolism of cricket • Published in article by Amos • Dolbear in 1897 entitled • “The cricket as a Thermometer.”

  46. Which piece of copper wire would heat up the fastest?

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