SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE

1. Chapter 12 SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE

2. Learning Objectives

3. IDENTITY: ASKING “WHO AM I?”

4. Identity: Asking "Who Am I?" • Self consciousness takes center stage • WHY? • More like adults intellectually • More like adults physically

5. Self Concept: What Am I Like? View broadens • One's own assessment of who they are • Others' views More organized and coherent • View self in terms of traits and multiple aspects

6. Self-esteem: How Do I Like Myself? Knowing who you are and liking who you are two different things • Although adolescents increasingly accurate in understanding who they are, this knowledge does not guarantee that they like themselves any better • Increasingly accurate in understanding self • Influenced by gender and SES

7. Identity Formation: Change or Crisis?

8. Identity Formation: Crisis or Change? Identity-Versus-Identity Confusion Stage • Identity = appropriate identity that sets foundation for future psychosocial development • Confusion = sense of self is "diffuse“ with adoption of socially unacceptable roles

9. Erikson's Stages

10. Societal Pressures and Reliance on Friends and Peers Societal pressures high during identity versus identity confusion stage • Difficult choices about future plans • Gender differences

11. Erikson: Identity versus Confusion Psychological moratorium • Experimentation period • Probably no lasting, negative psychological affects • Some benefits

12. Limitations of Erikson's Theory • Male identity development used as standard against which to compare female identity

13. Marcia's Approach to Identity Development: Updating Erikson

14. Marcia's Approach to Identity Development

15. Religion and Spirituality • Questions of religion and spirituality begin to be asked during adolescence • Increasing cognitive abilities facilitate more abstract thinking about religious matters • Adolescents begin to develop core set of beliefs and values

16. Religion and Spirituality Fowler's stages of understanding and practice of faith and spirituality • Childhood • Fairly literal view of God and biblical figures • Adolescence • Individuative-reflective stage of faith with possible multiple views of God • Adulthood • Conjunctive stage which includes broad, inclusive view of religion and humanity

17. Identity, Race and Ethnicity • Cultural assimilation model • Pluralistic society model • Bicultural identity

18. Bicultural Identity in the US Figure 12-1 Bicultural Identity in the United States The number of Americans who identified themselves as belonging to more than one race grew substantially between 2000 and 2010. Almost 10 percent report belonging to three or more races. (Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2011.)

19. Psychological Difficulties in Adolescence

20. Gender Differences in Depression • Higher incidence among girls than boys • Stress more pronounced for girls due to many, sometimes conflicting demands of traditional female gender role

21. Adolescent Suicide Rate • Triples in last 30 years • One teen suicide every 90 minutes; 12.2 suicides per 100,000 adolescents • Cluster suicide Gender • Success higher in boys; attempts higher in girls

22. What contributes most to the increased suicide rate among US adolescents today?

23. Adolescent Difficulties Family, peer relationships, and self-esteem problems were most often mentioned by adolescents contemplating suicide, according to a review of phone calls to a telephone help line. (Source: Based on Boehm & Campbell, 1995.)

24. Warning Signs

25. How Can You Help? • Take 5 minutes to brainstorm about ways you might help a friend you believe is at risk for suicide. • Find a class partner/group to share your ideas. • Identify the top three suggestions in your group. • Share your suggestions with the class.

26. Adolescent Suicide: How to Help • Listen without judging • Talk specifically about suicidal thoughts • Evaluate the situation, trying to distinguish between general upset and more serious danger • Be supportive, let the person know you care • Take charge of finding help

27. Adolescent Suicide: How to Help • Make the environment safe • Do not keep suicide talk or threats secret • Do not challenge, dare, or use verbal shock treatment • Make a contract with the person • Don't be overly reassured by a sudden improvement of mood

28. For immediate help with a suicide-related problem, call: (800) 784-2433 or (800) 621-4000, national hotlines staffed with trained counselors

29. Review and Apply

30. Review and Apply

31. Review and Apply

32. RELATIONSHIPS: FAMILY AND FRIENDS

33. Family Ties: Changing Relations with Relations • Parental views questioned • Role shifts • Cultural factors

34. The Quest for Autonomy Adolescents increasingly seek autonomy, independence and a sense of control • Primary developmental task • Grows gradually over course of adolescence • Consists of changes in relational symmetry

35. Changing View of Parents As adolescents become older, they come to perceive their parents in less idealized terms and more as individuals. What effect is this likely to have on family relations? (Source: Based on Steinberg & Silverberg, 1986.)

36. Culture and Autonomy • Cultural and gender factors play an important role • Western societies • Asian societies • Adolescents from different cultural backgrounds also vary in degree of felt family obligation • In general, male adolescents are permitted more autonomy at earlier age than female adolescents

37. Family Obligations Adolescents from Asian and Latin American groups feel a greater sense of respect and obligation toward their families than those adolescents with European backgrounds. (Source: Fulgini, Tseng, & Lam, 1999.)

38. The Myth of the Generation Gap Generation gap • Social, political, and religious issues • Dress, music, friends • Difference in values and attitudes between teens is greater than the difference between parent and teen

39. What's the Problem?

40. Conflicts with Parents • Primary issues • Cultural differences What do you think the main issues are?

41. Time Spent by Adolescents with Parents

42. Relationships with Peers: The Importance of Belonging Peer relationships • Critical during adolescence • Provide opportunity for social comparison and information Reference groups

43. Cliques and Crowds: Belonging to a Group • Cliques • Crowds • Sex cleavage

44. Race Segregation: The Great Divide of Adolescence • Adolescents of different ethnicities and races interact very little • Adolescents who interact regularly and extensively with those of different races earlier in their lives are more likely to have friends of different races • Schools that actively promote contact among members of different ethnicities in classes help create an environment in which cross-race friendships can flourish • More generally, cross-group friendships promote more positive intergroup attitudes

45. Why does racial and ethnic segregation often exist, even in schools that have been desegregated for some time?

46. Popularity and Rejection Adolescent social world is complex • High status categories • Low status categories

47. The Social World of Adolescence • An adolescent's popularity can fall into one of four categories, depending on the opinions of his or her peers • Popularity is related to differences in status, behavior and adjustment

48. What determines status in high school?

49. Conformity: Peer Pressure in Adolescence Susceptibility and conformity • Few empirical studies Brown how much pressure peers exerted • Overall perception • Gender differences • Kinds of peer pressure

50. Juvenile Delinquency: Crimes of Adolescence