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Advanced Vehicle Technologies

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Advanced Vehicle Technologies

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    1. 1 Advanced Vehicle Technologies Denver, CO September 9, 2010 Acknowledgment: This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy under Award Number DE-EE0001711. Disclaimer: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name. trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

    2. 2 Advanced Vehicle Technologies

    3. 3 Technology Adoption Roadmap

    4. 4 Evolution of Plug in Electric Vehicles

    5. 5 Plug-In Hybrid Technology (PHEV’s) Combines the propulsion capabilities of traditional combustion engine with an electric motor Can be charged with electricity and run under engine power like traditional hybrid electric vehicles PHEVs are powered by two energy sources An energy conversion unit (such as an internal combustion engine or fuel cell) and A motor driven by an energy storage device (usually batteries) Energy conversion unit can be powered by gasoline, diesel, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other fuels Batteries are charged by plugging into a standard 110-volt electrical outlet Ability to be charged by the energy conversion unit when needed PHEV’s have larger battery packs than conventional hybrid During daily driving, most of a PHEV’s power comes from the stored electricity The engine kicks on when longer trips are required

    6. 6 Plug-In Hybrid Technology (PHEV’s) PRO’S Ability to plug into a standard 110-volt electric outlet (capability conventional hybrid vehicles don’t have) Eliminates “range anxiety” associated with all electric vehicles Qualifies for purchase incentives CON’S Not considered as Zero Emission vehicle Additional cost, weight and size of the battery pack Still dependent on fossil fuels

    7. 7 Range Extended Electric Vehicle Technology A plug-in hybrid with a small internal combustion engine or other secondary source connected to a generator to recharge the batteries and allow for extended distance driving The onboard generator is present only to recharge the batteries – i.e. does not drive the vehicles The onboard generator kicks ON when battery charge depletes and “extend the range” of the electric vehicle. The onboard generator can be anything that produces power: gasoline engine, diesel, ethanol, or even a hydrogen fuel cell

    8. 8 Range Extended Electric Vehicles PRO’S Efficiency of an electric drive-train Zero emission operation for the most part (~40 miles) Long driving range possible Does not depend on recharging infrastructure CON’S Are not considered true zero emissions vehicles (except for fuel cells) Complex engineering integration of the software and hardware required to make things run smoothly High initial costs compared to conventional ICE vehicles due to added parts and complexity

    9. 9 Battery Electric Vehicle Technology BEV’s use chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs Uses electric motors and controllers instead of internal combustion engines for propulsion Commonly used rechargeable batteries are Nickel metal hydride (NiMH) Lithium ion (Li-ion) Sodium Nickel Chloride (Zebra) The battery pack is recharged by connecting or “plugging” it into a wall socket or other electrical source Recharge times from 0-100% SOC range from a few hours (2-3 hours) to “overnight” (8-10) recharging on 220 volt service. Driving range for most highway-capable BEVs are 100- 200 miles.

    10. Benefits of EVs 10

    11. Reduce Reliance on Petroleum Transportation is dependant on foreign oil, electricity is diverse 11

    13. 13 Battery Electric Vehicle Technology PRO’S No tailpipe emissions (its doesn’t have a tailpipe!) Operating cost is less than conventional vehicles Batteries can be recharged Recaptures braking energy through regenerative braking Reduces toxic materials sent to landfills Cost pennies to charge vs. dollars at the gas pump Offers a quiet, smooth, and high-performance driving experience Faster acceleration Eligible for purchase incentives CON’S BEV’s initial cost is significantly more than gasoline vehicles Electrical transmission and distribution reduces overall efficiency – and energy source is a concern High battery cost: Large battery packs are expensive and battery life is a concern for customers Driving range: Range limitations of 100-200 miles per charge depending on battery type and size and driving conditions Recharge time: Fully recharging the battery pack can take 8 to 10 hours

    14. EVs becoming more viable 14

    15. Many PHEV, EREVs and BEVs planned over the next few years. 15

    16. 16 Electrification Spans all Vehicle Classes

    17. 17 Fuel Cell Vehicle Technology Uses a completely different propulsion system than conventional vehicles The fuel cell stack combines the Hydrogen gas stored onboard with oxygen from the air to produce electricity that drives the electric motor Batteries are also used to store regenerated energy from braking Needs refueling infrastructure

    18. 18 Fuel Cell Vehicle Technology Energy efficient – up to 3 times more energy efficient than gas engines Quick recharging capabilities Driving range comparable to conventional vehicles Produces no harmful exhaust emissions Combustion leads to byproducts – Water vapor – that does not damage the environment Qualifies for alternative fuel vehicle tax credit Simplicity of design, with no moving parts, offers the benefits of quiet operation and reliability Hydrogen can be produced a number of ways domestically, relieving the stress of overseas petrochemical dependence Benefits

    19. 19 Fuel Cell Vehicle Technology PRO’S Emission byproducts are environmental friendly (water vapor) Range comparable to conventional vehicles Qualifies for alternative fuel vehicle tax credit Generates electrical power quietly and efficiently, without pollution CON’S Component pieces of a fuel cell are costly Durability issues Fuel cell ability to operate in extreme temperatures and humidity a concern Need to develop refueling infrastructure Safety concerns with hydrogen tank onboard

    20. 20 Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine An alternative fuel vehicle that uses hydrogen fuel for motive power An internal combustion engine is modified to use Hydrogen as fuel Sometimes considered as an interim technology that will bridge the gap between today's gasoline-powered internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and fuel cell vehicles Vehicle uses a tank to store hydrogen that needs to be refueled externally

    21. 21 Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine PRO’S Requires a slight modification of conventional engine Range comparable to conventional vehicles Generates electrical power quietly and efficiently, without pollution Extremely low tailpipe emissions CON’S Driving range is not comparable to a conventional vehicle Hydrogen tanks require more space than gasoline tanks Need to develop refueling infrastructure Safety concerns with hydrogen tank onboard

    22. 22 Techniques to Reduce Emissions

    23. 23 Advanced Internal Combustion Engines Improvements in energy efficiency and emissions reduction continue Because of their relatively low cost, high performance, and ability to use renewable fuels (e.g. ethanol and biodiesel) conventional vehicles with combustion engines will dominate Through the commercialization of advanced engines, the US can cut its transportation fuel use by 20-40%, resulting in greater economic, environmental and energy security

    24. Five Fuel Saving Technologies 24

    25. Five Fuel Saving technologies 25

    26. Five Fuel Saving Technologies 26

    27. Five Fuel Saving Technologies 27

    28. Five Fuel Saving Technologies 28

    29. 29 Fuel Economy Improvements In addition to choosing fuel-efficient vehicles, there are other strategies drivers and fleets can employ to improve fuel economy. Some of these strategies include: Installing low rolling resistance tires to improve the fuel economy of light-duty vehicles Tracking your fleet's fuel consumption through automated vehicle data collection devices that track fuel economy, maintenance schedules, and fleet performance Web-based monitoring tools that control, track, and manage fuel and vehicle maintenance costs based on fleet card transactions Synthetic oils designed to improve fuel economy in light-duty vehicles

    30. 30 Idle Reduction Idling vehicles use up to several billion gallons of fuel and emit large quantities of air pollution and greenhouse gases each year Reducing idle time saves fuel, engine wear, and money while reducing emissions and noise Idle reduction is typically used to describe technologies and practices that reduce the amount of time heavy duty trucks idle their engines. However, light- and medium-duty vehicles can benefit from idle reduction strategies as well A variety of technologies are employed to reduce this fuel use Onboard equipment such as automatic engine stop-start controls and auxiliary power units can be used wherever the vehicle might be Truck stop electrification enables trucks to hook up to stations that provide power and other amenities

    31. 31 Other Technologies Merging of Alternative Fuel Technologies Development of natural gas-powered hybrid-drive trucks and buses Hybrid drive systems – both electric- and hydraulic-powered, appear to have promise in the heavy-duty sector.  Applications include buses, trash trucks and other vocational work trucks H/CNG engine development work Hydrogen blending with CNG shows promise as an emissions reduction strategy. We may see H/CNG carve out a more significant role in the future. New applications for existing technologies Electric and Hybrid drives are being developed for other applications – e.g. Fork Lifts Supporting technology development New storage materials for CNG (low pressure) There are a variety of different techniques being investigated to store CNG at lower pressures in molecular capture technologies (non-cylinder type storage mediums)

    32. 32 Thank YOU

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