Chapter 3, Section 3 Middle Colonies

1. Chapter 3, Section 3Middle Colonies

2. Vocabulary and Timeline Vocabulary:Patroon, proprietary colony, pacifist Timeline 1626 A.D. 1664 A.D. 1681 A.D. 1702 A.D.Manhattan Island purchased New York has William Penn founds New Jersey from the Manhates people about 8,000 Pennsylvania becomes a inhabitants colony |----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

3. England and the Colonies • Charles I and Oliver Cromwell: As many Puritans and Separatists left England and traveled to the New World to establish colonies, the Puritans who remained in England struggled with King Charles I to gain power. • This led to civil war in England. The Puritans were led by Oliver Cromwell, a Puritan who led the Parliament in defeating Charles I. • In 1649, a parliamentary court tried and convicted Charles I of treason and he was beheaded. A new government was established with Cromwell as the Protector. "Charles I, King of England, from Three Angles", commonly known as the "Triple Portrait". Oliver Cromwell looking at the body of Charles I

4. England and the Colonies • During the Civil War, many Puritans continued to travel to the “New England.” While the English people loyal to the King went to the royal colonies (like Virginia and Maryland). • The Restoration: After Cromwell died in 1658, Parliament brought the monarchy back, but limited the powers of the monarch. • Charles II, son of Charles I, became King of England in 1660. Therefore, this period is called the Restoration because the monarchy was restored. Charles II, son of Charles I

5. England and the Colonies • Two Clusters of English Colonies: In the same year Charles II was crowned King of England, there were two clusters of colonies in the present-day United States under English control. • The New England colonies—Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire—and the Southern Colonies—Maryland and Virginia. Between the two groups of colonies were the lands that the Dutch colonists controlled–New Netherland or the Middle Colonies .

6. The Dutch West India Company • In 1624, a group of Dutch merchants established this company to trade in the Americas. Their trading posts were scattered along the Hudson River and this grew into the colony of New Netherland. • The main settlement in the colony was New Amsterdam located on Manhattan Island. In 1626, the Dutch West India Company purchased the island from the Manhates people for small quantities of beads and other goods. • Because it had a good seaport, New Amsterdam became a center of shipping to and from the Americas. • To increase the number of colonists, the Dutch West India Company sent families from the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden and Finland. The company gave a large estate to anyone who brought at least 50 settlers to work the land. • These wealthy landowners who acquired riverfront estates from the Dutch West India Company were called patroons. The patroons ruled their estates like kings and they could charge whatever rents they wanted to the farmers and workers on their estates. Manhattan Island New Netherland

7. England Takes Over • The English wanted to take over the Dutch colony between their New England and Southern colonies. • In 1664, the English sent a fleet of ships to attack New Amsterdam. • Peter Stuyvesant was governor of New Netherland. He ruled the colony very strictly and imposed heavy taxes on the colonists. This turned many people against him in the colony. • When the fleet arrived in the harbor of New Amsterdam, Stuyvesant was unprepared for the battle and he surrendered to the English without a fight. Peter Stuyvesant

8. King Charles II and New York • After the English took over New Netherland, Charles II gave the colony to his brother, the Duke of York (the future King James II). • Charles II’s brother renamed the colony New York. New York was a proprietary colony, a colony in which the owner, or proprietor, owned all of the land and controlled the government. • This was different than the New England colonies that were run by private corporations under a royal charter. • It was also different from the royal colonies run by the King. James II, Duke of York, King Charles I’s brother

9. King Charles II and New York • Most of the residents of New York lived in the Hudson River valley. • The Duke of York promised them religious freedom and allowed them to keep their property. Therefore, most of the Dutch colonists decided to stay in New York. • In the year that the English took over the area (1664), the colony had about 8,000 inhabitants. Most of them were Dutch, but there were also Germans, Swedes, Native Americans, Puritans and at least 300 enslaved Africans. • New Amsterdam, which was later called New York City, was one of the fastest growing locations in the colony. The Hudson River Valley New Amsterdam, renamed New York

10. King Charles II and New York • By 1683, the colony had over 12,000 people. • The Duke of York appointed a governor and a council to run the colony. However, the colonists demanded more say in the government. They wanted a representative government like the other colonies. • The Duke of York did not like the idea, but he finally granted the request of the colonists and they formed a representative legislature elected by the people.

11. New Jersey • The Duke of York gave the southern part of his colony of New York (between the Hudson and Delaware Rivers) to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. • These proprietors named the colony New Jersey after the island of Jersey in the English Channel were Carteret was born. • They attracted colonists to New Jersey by offering them large tracts of land, freedom of religion, trial by jury and a representative government. The original provinces of West and East New Jersey are shown in yellow and green respectively.

12. New Jersey • Unfortunately, without a harbor or seaport like New York, Berkeley and Carteret did not make the profits they wanted in the New Jersey colony. • Therefore, Berkeley sold his share of the colony in West Jersey in 1674 and Carteret sold his share of the colony in East Jersey in 1680. • By 1702, New Jersey had become a royal colony controlled by the King of England. However, the colonists still continued to make their own laws. Lord John Berkely Sir George Carteret

13. Pennsylvania William Penn • In 1680, William Penn, a wealthy Englishmen, presented a plan to Charles II. • Penn’s father had lent the king a great deal of money and Penn wanted the king to repay this loan by giving him land in America. • The king was happy to get rid of his debt in this manner and gave Penn a tract of land stretching inland from the Delaware River. • This new colony, named Pennsylvania, was as large as the whole country of England.

14. Pennsylvania and the Quakers • William Penn belonged to a Protestant group of dissenters called the Society of Friends or Quakers. • The Quakers believed that every individual had an “inner light” that could guide them to salvation. Each person could experience religious truth directly. This meant that the church and its services were unnecessary. • They also believed that everyone was equal in God’s sight and they were tolerant of other people’s beliefs. Quakers

15. Pennsylvania and the Quakers • Many people in England were threatened by the beliefs of the Quakers and saw them as a threat to established traditions and institutions. • Quakers would not bow or take their hats off to lords and ladies and they were also pacifists, people who refuse to use force or to fight in wars. • Quakers were fined, jailed and executed for their beliefs in England.

16. Philadelphia • William Penn believed that Pennsylvania was a “holy experiment” or a chance for the Quakers to put their ideals of toleration and equality into practice. • In 1682, he sailed to America to supervise the building of the city of Philadelphia (the “city of brotherly love”). • Penn designed the city himself making him the first American town planner. • Penn also wrote the first constitution for Pennsylvania.

17. Philadelphia • Penn believed that the land belonged to the Native Americans and that the settlers should pay for the land. Native Americans regarded him highly and some of them actually moved into the colony of Pennsylvania. • To encourage Europeans to settle in his colony, Penn advertised the colony throughout Europe with pamphlets in several languages. • By 1683, more than 3,000 English, Welsh, Irish, Dutch and German settlers lived in the colony. • In 1701, Penn gave the colonists the right to elect representatives to the legislative assembly. Quakers helping Native Americans

18. Delaware • The southernmost part of Pennsylvania was called the Three Lower Counties. • It was settled by the Swedes back in 1638, however, the area was taken over by the Dutch and English after it became part of Pennsylvania. • The Charter of Privileges allowed these Three Lower Counties to form their own legislature which it did in 1703. • Thereafter, Delaware functioned as its own colony supervised by the governor of Pennsylvania.